Prevalence of Testicular Microlithiasis in Asymptomatic Males 0 to 19 Years Old

Goede, Joery; Hack, W. W. M.; Voort-Doedens, L.M. van der; Sijstermans, K.; Pierik, Frank H.

doi:10.1016/j.juro.2009.06.065

Cited by 69 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The prevalence of THF was 2.4% in a Dutch study including 694 asymptomatic boys and young men 0 to 19 years old. The prevalence was significantly higher in the older boys compared to the youngest boys, suggesting that THF develops during childhood and puberty (Goede et al ., 2009). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The evidence documenting that THF in all cases represents TM seems insufficient, and presence of such white spots in the testis in this study is termed THF, although usually termed TM in the literature. Usually >5 or ≥5 THF 1–3 mm of size in one transducer field (Backus et al ., 1994 & Peterson et al ., 2001) or in one testis (Goede et al ., 2009, 2010) is considered pathological. The limit of five THF per transducer field has been used uncritically as the limit for abnormally high numbers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of small testicular hyperechogenic foci in subgroups of 382 non‐vasectomized, azoospermic men: a retrospective cohort study

Fedder

2017

Andrology

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SummaryTesticular hyperechogenic foci (THF) are associated with Klinefelter's syndrome, cryptorchidism, infertility, and testicular germ cell neoplasia. The aims of the study were to evaluate THF in relation to etiology of azoospermia and to Sertoli cell dysfunction. The structures inside the scrotum of consecutive non‐vasectomized, azoospermic were examined by ultrasonography, and hormone (FSH, LH, testosterone, and prolactin), and genetic analyses (karyotype, Y microdeletions, and CFTR mutations) were performed. At testicular ultrasonography, patients were graduated into: pronounced THF (>7 THF per transducer field), distributed universally (uTHF) or collected in plaques (pTHF), borderline THF (bTHF; 3–7 THF per transducer field), or no THF (<3 THF per transducer field). Diagnostic testicular biopsy was taken open or with TruCut needle (14G). THF status was sufficiently described in 382 of 449 potential participants, and testicular histology was available in 300 cases. Presence of ultrasonographically detectable THF was compared to presence of testicular microlithiasis (TM) detected histologically. Sertoli cell dysfunction was investigated in a subgroup using a three‐stage immunoperoxidase technique for detection of cytokeratin‐18 (CK‐18). The prevalence of THF was 13.4%. uTHF was found in 11 men (2.9%), the pattern was bilateral in four while other four had bTHF in the other testis. pTHF was detected in eight cases (2.1%), and except for one case with Klinefelter's syndrome, pTHF was in all cases occurring unilaterally. bTHF was detected in 32 cases (8.4%), bilaterally in 17 (53%). Pronounced THF was significantly associated with testicular malignancy. CK‐18 was detected in more azoospermic men with sperm production in ≤50% seminiferous tubules than in azoospermic men with spermatogenesis in ≥90% of seminiferous tubules and normal controls (p < 0.05). Unfortunately, TM detected histologically was not detected in any patient expressing THF, and neither THF nor TM was detected in any of the patients examined for CK‐18. Sertoli cell dysfunction was not associated with testicular microlithiasis or hyperechogenic foci.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of small testicular hyperechogenic foci in subgroups of 382 non‐vasectomized, azoospermic men: a retrospective cohort study

Fedder

2017

Andrology

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“…The incidence of TML has increased with the development of more high‐end ultrasound machines, and perhaps also increased awareness of diagnosis of testicular cancer. TML prevalence varies considerably in studies of asymptomatic men (0.6–9.0%) (Derogee et al ., 2001; Miller & Sidhu, 2002; Kim et al ., 2003; Goede et al ., 2009) compared to symptomatic (e.g. pain, lump or swelling) men (8.7–18.1%) (Bach et al ., 2001; Middleton et al ., 2002; Deganello et al ., 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TML has been associated with carcinoma in situ and testicular cancer (Derogee et al ., 2001; Sakamoto et al ., 2006); however, not all studies have found this association (Peterson et al ., 2001; Costabile, 2007; DeCastro et al ., 2008; Goede et al ., 2009; Accardo et al ., 2015). A recent meta‐analysis including more than 35 000 men concluded that TML was significantly associated with risk of testicular cancer (Wang et al ., 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of symptomatic men with testicular microlithiasis – A Danish cross‐sectional questionnaire study

et al. 2017

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SummaryTesticular microlithiasis (TML) is an incidental finding at ultrasonography of the scrotum. A link between testicular microlithiasis and testicular cancer has been suggested. However, the majority of studies are retrospective using ultrasonography with minor data on health status and life style characteristics. Our objective was to investigate if lifestyle and health are associated with TML. In 2014, we conducted a self‐administered questionnaire survey including 1538 men, who all due to testicular/scrotal symptoms had an ultrasound investigation of the scrotum during 2004–2013. The men were divided into men with TML and men without. The 23‐items questionnaire included items on age, height, weight, lifestyle (alcohol consumptions, smoking habits, workload, exercise and food), previous diseases in the testicles, pain and consumption of analgesics. The prevalence of TML was 12.8%. Overall, lifestyle factors did not vary between men with or without TML. However, men with TML did consume more crisp than men without. Development of TML was not associated to classic life style factors such as alcohol consumption, smoking habits, or mothers smoking during pregnancy. Also, age and height could not be linked to presence of TML. We did find, however, that men with TML experienced less physical activity and consumed more crisp than men without TML. Since ingestion of crisps has potential carcinogenic effect (acrylamide), this finding needs confirmation in a separate study.

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“…The follow-up period ranged between 8.8-61.8 months, but the meta-analysis did not report the prevalence. Although some studies have found this interrelationship [2][3][4], other investigations have questioned the association between TML and the development of testicular malignancy [5,6]. As a consequence of this controversy, the clinical management of men diagnosed with TML is car-with TML (prevalence 4.3 %) in a population of more than 20 000 men.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Testicular Microlithiasis

Feingold

2013

FRCR 2B Viva: A Case-Based Approach

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Prevalence of Testicular Microlithiasis in Asymptomatic Males 0 to 19 Years Old

Abstract: The prevalence of classic testicular microlithiasis in asymptomatic boys is 2.4% and increases with age.

Cited by 69 publications

References 19 publications

Prevalence of small testicular hyperechogenic foci in subgroups of 382 non‐vasectomized, azoospermic men: a retrospective cohort study

Prevalence of small testicular hyperechogenic foci in subgroups of 382 non‐vasectomized, azoospermic men: a retrospective cohort study

Characteristics of symptomatic men with testicular microlithiasis – A Danish cross‐sectional questionnaire study

Testicular Microlithiasis

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