Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Potential Risk Factors in Selected Dairy Farms at the Interface of Animal and Human in Bishoftu, Ethiopia

Abstract

Background Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) has been reported as the most commonly isolated highly contagious pathogen from human, animals and animal products. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a significant pathogen with zoonotic potential that could have devastating consequence for the health and well-being of animals and human. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2020 to January 2021. A total of 233 samples from cow milk, udder swabs and milkers’ hand swabs were collected for culture and identification based on the standard protocol. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed for all isolates by using Kirby Bauer’s disk diffusion test. MRSA was detected by cefoxitin disk diffusion test. Results S. aureus was isolated from 50 (21.46%) of 233 samples and the prevalence of MRSA was 4%. The highest prevalence was found in cow milk 36 (25.53%) followed by hand swabs 10 (19.23%) and udder swabs 4 (10%). S. aureus prevalence was 58.33%, 30.0%, 21.43%, 17.92%, 15.79% in farm D, C, E, A, B respectively. A large percentage (58.33% and 30%) were from farm D and C. S. aureus isolation rate showed statistically significant association with farm types (p = 0.011) and with previous mastitis exposure (p = 0.001). High level of resistance was observed to penicillin (94%) and ampicillin (92%), but low level resistance to gentamicin (0%), amikacin (0%), ceftriaxone (0%), chloramphenicol (4%), ciprofloxacin and cefoxitin (4%). The overall prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 10.42%. Conclusion Prevalence of S. aureus in milk showed statistically significant association with respect to previous mastitis exposure and farm types (p = 0.011). High level of resistant to penicillin and ampicillin was observed. Therefore, effective mastitis control programs, best veterinary practice among all farms and use of antibiotics in the farm should be strictly controlled.

Antimicrobial Resistance profiles of staphylococcus aureus in farming communities of Isingiro and Kamuli districts, Uganda

“…These ndings are in agreement with a study which reported 100% MDR and resistance to at least two antibiotics among human isolates in a hospital survey in Ethiopia (12). The prevalence pro les of AMR reported here are similar to those by Tibebu etal who reported 94% prevalence to penicillin and 92% to ampicillin for cattle isolates (14). Likewise, a study by Rao et al, (2022) reported AMR prevalence of 81.6% to Penicillin among human isolates.…”

“…Likewise, a study by Rao et al, (2022) reported AMR prevalence of 81.6% to Penicillin among human isolates. The level of resistance of both cattle and human S. aureus isolates to Fluoroquinolones and Aminoglycosides was relatively low, a nding which was similar to that reported by Tibebu et al, (2021). The AMR prevalence ndings of this study could probably be explained by the trend of routine injudicious overuse of particular antibiotics compared to others.…”

“…The study revealed a low prevalence of S. aureus (9.5%) among cattle compared to previous studies which reported prevalence of 20.3% in Uganda and 25.5% in Ethiopia (12)(13)(14). A higher prevalence (30.6%) was observed in humans compared to previous ndings in Ethiopia (28.2%), Lebanon (23.8%) and Spain (23%) (12,15,16).…”

In vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation of selected medicinal plants against multidrug- resistant isolate of Clinical Bovine Mastitis

“…Among mastitis-causing bacteria, S. aureus represents the main causative agent that threatens the farmers not only due to the high incidence rate and zoonotic potential but also due to reports of multi-drug resistance [7][8][9][10]. Whereas E. coli is among the gram-negative bacteria that often cause subclinical mastitis affecting the performance of dairy on top of its public health risks.…”

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Bovine pooled milk and Close human contacts from Northwestern Ethiopia

“…However, PCR-based detection of the mecA gene is still the gold standard for identifying MRSA isolates [27,28]. Several studies were carried out in Ethiopia to identify the presence of MRSA infections in various regions of the country [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. However, information about MRSA from raw milk and farm workers is still rare.…”