Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Their Risk Factors among Female Sex Workers in Isfahan, Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nasirian, Maryam; Kianersi, Sina; Hoseini, Shervin Ghaffari; Kassaian, Nazila; Yaran, Majid; Shoaei, Parisa; Ataei, Behrooz; Fadaei, Reza; Meshkati, Marjan; Naeini, Alireza Emami; Jalilian, Mojtaba Rostami

doi:10.1177/2325957417732836

Cited by 34 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…We found STIs prevalence among FSWs to be high, as reported in previous surveys in Iran 22 25. Compared with STI prevalence among the general female population in Iran,26 27 FSWs have a higher STIs prevalence due to unsafe sex with multiple partners.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Declining trends in HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Iran could be attributable to reduced drug injection: a cross-sectional study

Mirzazadeh¹,

Shokoohi

Karamouzian

et al. 2019

Sex Transm Infect

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ObjectiveThe HIV trend among female sex workers (FSWs) is understudied. We assessed the prevalence and trend of HIV and five other STIs among FSWs in Iran.MethodsWe recruited FSWs (1337 in 2015, 1005 in 2010) from 21 sites in 13 cities in two cross-sectional biobehavioural surveys. Eligible FSWs were women aged ≥18 years who reported selling sex to more than one male client in the past 12 months. Consenting FSWs were interviewed using a behavioural questionnaire and tested for HIV and five other STIs. We considered study sites as clusters in the analysis and two-sided Fisher’s exact test to compare the HIV prevalence between the two survey rounds.ResultsHIV prevalence was 2.1% in 2015 (vs 4.0% in 2010, p=0.007). Lifetime drug injection was reported by 6.1% of participants in 2015 (vs 14.6% in 2010, p=0.003). In 2015, among FSWs with history of lifetime drug injection, HIV prevalence was 8.6% (vs 9.8% in 2010, p=0.425). The prevalence of other STIs in 2015 was 0.4% (95% CI 0.2 to 1.0) for syphilis, 1.3% (95% CI 0.8 to 2.1) for gonorrhoea, 6.0% (95% CI 4.8 to 7.4) for chlamydia, 11.9% (95% CI 8.5 to 16.5) for trichomoniasis and 41.8% (95% CI 39.2 to 44.5) for human papillomavirus.ConclusionsHIV prevalence among FSWs in Iran decreased, but remains considerably high. The decrease in HIV prevalence compared with 2010 might be explained by a decrease in drug injection. Other STIs are also high in this population. Harm reduction programmes need to be continued and scaled up among this underserved population in Iran.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Declining trends in HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Iran could be attributable to reduced drug injection: a cross-sectional study

Mirzazadeh¹,

Shokoohi

Karamouzian

et al. 2019

Sex Transm Infect

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“…Previous studies have estimated that 14.6% of FSW have ever injected drugs in their lifetime and 15.0% have reported crystal methamphetamine use (Shokoohi, et al, 2018). Other studies of FSW are often limited by small sample size (100 or less) (Nasirian, et al, 2017) and recruitment sites limited to a single city (e.g., Tehran (Moayedi-Nia, et al, 2016), Shiraz (Kazerooni, et al, 2014), Isfahan (Nasirian, et al, 2017)).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug use patterns and associated factors among female sex workers in Iran

Shokoohi

Karamouzian

Bauer

et al. 2019

Addictive Behaviors

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Objective: This study examines the prevalence of drug and poly-drug use and their associated factors among female sex workers (FSW) in Iran. Methods: We analyzed data from a bio-behavioral surveillance survey of 1,347 FSW across 13 major cities in Iran in 2015. Two outcome measures were defined: i) past-month "any drug use", a binary variable defined as none or any; and ii) a three-category past-month "poly-drug use" variable defined as none, only one drug, and more than one drug. Correlates of these two study outcomes were assessed using multivariable logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression, respectively. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Results: We found that 24.9% (95% CI: 16.1, 36.4) and 13.5% (95% CI: 8.1, 21.5) of FSW reported past-month any drug use and poly-drug use, respectively. Longer sex work career (AOR 2.44 [95% CI: 1.28, 4.63]), unstable housing (AOR 2.56 [1.17, 5.64]), past-year experience of sexual violence (AOR 1.61 [1.15, 2.27]), and incarceration (AOR 2.02 [1.23, 3.32]) were positively associated with any drug use. Similarly, FSW who were unstably housed (AOR 3.4

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“…Our results indicate a significant association between occurrence of oral sex and longer duration of sex work. Prolonged length of sex work might increase the likelihood of oral sex; however, longer duration of sex work is an independent risk factor for STIs [ 32 ] and HIV infection [ 33 ]. Though some foreign studies have conversely documented that STI infections are higher in those with a shorter compared to those with a longer period of sex work [ 34 – 36 ], the risks of HIV/STI infection resulting from long duration of sex work among FSWs who practice oral sex should be noted in the Chinese context.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence and correlates of oral sex among low-tier female sex workers in Zhejiang province, China

Zhou

Pan

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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Objectives Oral sex and its associated factors among low-tier female sex workers (FSWs) have not been documented in the Chinese literature. Here, we report this perspective in this group. Methods The data were derived from a large cross-sectional study conducted among low-tier FSWs using a structured questionnaire in 21 counties in Zhejiang province, China. The prevalence of oral sex and its associated factors among 2645 low-tier FSWs were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results Of all participants, 579 (21.9%) had performed oral sex with clients over the previous month. Multivariate analysis revealed that oral sex is related to being unmarried, low income, early initiation of commercial sex, having conducted commercial sex in more counties, longer duration of commercial sex, larger number of clients, ever having engaged in anal sex, less use of condoms and oral contraceptives during the previous month, low rate of adoption for contraception at the present time, and STI-related symptoms during the previous half year. Conclusion Oral sex practitioners among low-tier FSWs in China are at a higher risk of STI, HIV, and unwanted pregnancy compared to those who did not engage in oral sex. Behavioral interventions carried out among low-tier FSWs should specifically target low-tier FSWs who practice oral sex, should carefully take into account the characteristics of these FSWs, provide risk awareness education and training for condom use negotiation, and promote the availability of condom and reproductive health care, timely diagnosis, and treatment of STIs.

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Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Their Risk Factors among Female Sex Workers in Isfahan, Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study

Cited by 34 publications

References 23 publications

Declining trends in HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Iran could be attributable to reduced drug injection: a cross-sectional study

Declining trends in HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Iran could be attributable to reduced drug injection: a cross-sectional study

Drug use patterns and associated factors among female sex workers in Iran

The prevalence and correlates of oral sex among low-tier female sex workers in Zhejiang province, China

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