Prevalence of Serum Antibody to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Hospitalized Intravenous Drug Abusers in a Low-Risk Geographic Area

Wendt, David; Sadowski, Laura; Markowitz, Norman; Saravolatz, Louis D.

doi:10.1093/infdis/155.1.151

Cited by 9 publications

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“…In some areas such as New York/New Jersey, well over 60% of intravenous drug users are infected; and a study of seroprevalence in that area suggested a fairly brisk geographic diffusion of viral infection (114). Many communities have the ingredients for serious drug-related AIDS problems: Detroit and San Francisco, for instance, have seroprevalence rates of 10% or greater (18,133); but it is a curious fact that some communities' addicted populations seem to have remained relatively uninfected: Los An geles and New Orleans are among the cities where the virus has been present in the drug-using community for two or more years and yet the incidence of antibody remains at or below 2%. Clearly, there are facets of drug-using behavior that can accelerate spread, among them cultural rituals of blood sharing and the phenomenon of "shooting galleries" where i. v. drug apparatus is rented and extensively re-used without attention to sterilization (most states have laws that make possession as well as acquisition of intravenous appara tus a cause for arrest).…”

Section: -2 Modes Of Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The AIDS Epidemic: Six Years

Osborn

1988

Annu. Rev. Public Health

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Section: -2 Modes Of Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The AIDS Epidemic: Six Years

Osborn

1988

Annu. Rev. Public Health

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“…Despite these problems, from time to time, integration of available information is important in order to provide a comprehensive overview of the geographic dimensions of the disease. There is no doubt about the substantial geographic differences in the distribution of populations infected with the disease pathogen and the infections and diseases associated with the pathogen (Mann et al 1986;Wendt et al 1987). This variable geographic distribution of infection points t o the importance of spatially variable behavioral, social and environmental factors, and suggests the utility of considering AIDS within a socioecological model of disease (Armstrong et al 1985;Biggar 1986;Calabrese et al 1986).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Origin and Diffusion of AIDS: A View from Medical Geography

Shannon

Pyle

1989

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

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The integration of the history and geography of diseases is essential to understanding and revealing a true picture of epidemiology and disease patterns as they are today. This is particularly true for the current pandemic of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The complexity and capabilities of the disease agent, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I (HIV‐I), generate increasing concern about this fatal disease. Thus far, treatment merely temporarily extends lives of the victims, and hope for a vaccine against infection remains remote. Understanding the mechanisms and patterns of the origin and diffusion of the infection and disease are central to developing appropriate intervention strategies for controlling its spread. In this paper an overview of AIDS is presented from the perspective of medical geography. Characteristics of the virus and the mechanisms of infection are described, and, using available evidence, an attempt is made to piece together the spatial‐temporal patterns of the disease. Theories about the African origin and its diffusion there are discussed and pathways out of Africa to other parts of the world presented. Specific attention is directed to the spatial diffusion of AIDS within the United States. Cultural, social, behavioral, economic, political and transportation factors play important roles in the current and historical spatial patterns of AIDS. The historic importance of this disease and the complex of geographic factors necessary to its understanding require the interest and co‐operation of a broad range of geographic specialties. We hope this paper informs and stimulates discussion among geographers to undertake this effort.

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Cocaine Use and HIV Infection in Intravenous Drug Users in San Francisco

Chaisson

Bacchetti

Osmond

et al. 1989

JAMA

435

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We assessed risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in 633 heterosexual intravenous drug users. The HIV seroprevalence was 26% in blacks, 10% in Hispanics, and 6% in whites. Intravenous cocaine use significantly increased the risk of HIV infection, with a seroprevalence of 35% in daily cocaine users (odds ratio, 6.4; 95% confidence interval, 3.0 to 13.3). Black subjects were more likely to use cocaine regularly. Drug use in shooting galleries and sharing of drug injection equipment were also associated with HIV infection and were more common in cocaine users. By multivariate analysis, black race, daily cocaine injection by blacks and Hispanics, all other cocaine injection, heavy use prior to entry into methadone treatment by blacks, and use of drugs in shooting galleries were independent predictors of HIV infection. Methadone therapy was associated with substantial reductions in heroin use and some reduction in cocaine use, but 24% of cocaine users receiving methadone began or increased cocaine injection after entry into treatment.

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Prevalence of Serum Antibody to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Hospitalized Intravenous Drug Abusers in a Low-Risk Geographic Area

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

The AIDS Epidemic: Six Years

The AIDS Epidemic: Six Years

The Origin and Diffusion of AIDS: A View from Medical Geography

Cocaine Use and HIV Infection in Intravenous Drug Users in San Francisco

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