Prevalence of sea, seb, sec, sed, and tsst-1 genes of Staphylococcus aureus in nasal carriage and their association with multiple sclerosis

Abstract

The rate of nasal carriage is higher in patients with MS. Our study's results suggest that further investigation into whether there is a connection between MS and nasal exposure to staphylococcal superantigens is warranted.

Antibiotic resistance and Staphylococcal super antigenic determinants in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from anterior nares of dental students

“…Comparing the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the current investigation with data from other researchers reveals that the strains have gradually developed resistance to commonly used antibiotics over time [3,6,22] however the majority of the Staphylococcal isolates examined in this study were susceptible to most of the tested antimicrobials. Previous reports have documented that, staphylococcal enterotoxin encoding genes, sea followed by seb and toxic shock syndrome toxin encoded by tst are the most common superantigens harbored by the nasal carrier isolates [23][24][25]. On the contrary, none of our study isolates were found to harbor super antigenic determinants, tst, sea, seb and pvl.…”

Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus Aureus in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and its Essential Role in the Pathogenicity of the Disease

“…This study revealed that the duration of MS disease was focused on (<1 -1-5 years) in the newly diagnosed stage whereas in the relapsingremitting stage the disease duration was focused on (1-5 and >5 years ), the newly diagnosed MS patients in this study focused on these periods because of the samples collection status, signs, and symptoms of some patients were diagnosed lately after progression in clinical presentation accompanied with more than one-year duration while depending on the appearance of signs and symptoms in relapsing-remitting MS patients there was a long duration of disease. This investigation's outcomes coordinated with the study performed in Iran by [11], who conveyed that all stages of MS disease were focused on (1-5 and 6-10) years duration. Our study revealed that S.aureus colonization in nasal carriage of healthy controls was only 12 % , while in MS patients, the frequency of S.aureus was 81% , this result agreed with study was conducted by [12], who stated that the S.aureus colonization frequency in patients with MS was high (68.33%) in MS exacerbated group and (50%) in MS stable group compared with low in healthy individuals or non-MS group (23.75%), the interpretation of this result depends on the complex etiology of MS disease that includes environmental agents like bacterial superantigens frequency in S.aureus isolates accompanied with increase nasal colonization of those patients more than healthy carriers indicates that the colonization rate of S.aureus within the nasal carriage of patients with MS plays an essential role in infection development with establishment of this autoimmune disease, whereas the present results of the study were in disagreement with a study performed in Canada by [13], who reported that S.aureus colonization in healthy peoples was high (30%) compared with MS patients (24.2%).…”

Investigating the metabolite signature of an altered oral microbiota as a discriminant factor for multiple sclerosis: a pilot study

“…Indeed, very few studies have considered these factors 22 – 24 . Preliminary works have reported the presence of particular bacteria or fungi in the oral and nasal mucosa, including a trend towards a higher frequency of Candida spp 25 and Staphylococcus aureus virulence markers 26 , 27 in MS. Overall, the fact that the oral microbiota has already been associated with several other inflammatory diseases and the proximity of the latter to the tonsils, the dental nerves, and the deep cervical lymph nodes makes it an interesting candidate in the context of a CNS inflammatory disease mediated by peripherally educated immune cells.…”