Prevalence of reactive attachment disorder in a deprived
                        population

Minnis, Helen; Macmillan, Susan; Pritchett, Rachel; Young, David; Wallace, Brenda; Butcher, John; Sim, Fiona; Baynham, Katie; Davidson, Claire; Gillberg, Christopher

doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.114074

Cited by 91 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Our estimated RAD prevalence lies between the prevalence estimate found in a large sample of 6- to 8-year-old, socioeconomically deprived children [51], and the prevalence in severely maltreated toddlers in foster care [52]. Compared to another study on RAD using DAWBA in high-risk foster youths [29], our estimate was quite moderate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors

Lehmann

Havik

et al. 2013

Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health

183

145

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BackgroundThe aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of mental disorders in 6- to 12-year-old foster children and assess comorbidity and risk factors.MethodsInformation on mental health was collected from foster parents and from teachers using Developmental and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) Web-based diagnostic interview. Child welfare services provided information about care conditions prior to placement and about the child’s placement history.ResultsDiagnostic information was obtained about 279 (70.5%) of 396 eligible foster children. In total, 50.9% of the children met the criteria for one or more DSM-IV disorders. The most common disorders were grouped into 3 main diagnostic groups: Emotional disorders (24.0%), ADHD (19.0%), and Behavioural disorders (21.5%). The comorbidity rates among these 3 main groups were high: 30.4% had disorders in 2 of these 3 diagnostic groups, and 13.0% had disorders in all 3 groups. In addition, Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) was diagnosed in 19.4% of the children, of whom 58.5% had comorbid disorders in the main diagnostic groups. Exposure to violence, serious neglect, and the number of prior placements increased the risk for mental disorders.ConclusionsFoster children in Norway have a high prevalence of mental disorders, compared to the general child population in Norway and to other societies. The finding that 1 in 2 foster children presented with a mental disorder with high rates of comorbidity highlight the need for skilled assessment and qualified service provision for foster children and families.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors

Lehmann

Havik

et al. 2013

Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health

183

145

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Other studies (Kay & Green, 2013;Selwyn et al, 2014) found a high rate of attachment disorder in similar samples, and Minnis et al (2013) estimated the prevalence in a deprived population as lying in the range of .94-2.10. This is a disorder with very different prevalence rates according to how broadly the criteria are defined (Meltzer, Gatward, Corbin, Goodman, & Ford, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Children after adoption: Exploring their psychological needs

DeJong

Hodges

Malik

2016

Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry

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Children adopted from care are known to be at increased risk for mental health difficulties although relatively little research has been carried out to explore this question. This study assessed the mental health and psychological development of children placed for adoption by one UK Local Authority. We compared the pattern and prevalence of difficulties to existing data including that on Looked-After Children (LAC) children. Totally, 106 families were initially approached and parent interviews and at least partial questionnaire data were gathered on 47 children, 72.3% of whom were known to have been maltreated prior to adoption. Of the 34 children with a complete data set including Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA), 76.4% met full criteria for at least one neurodevelopmental or mental health diagnosis, a markedly higher rate than comparison data on LAC or community samples. Less than half of those identified with a mental health diagnosis had received any prior diagnosis, and only a minority had received appropriate services. Despite the children's difficulties, the great majority of parents reported high enjoyment of bringing up their child.

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“…The disinhibited form is known to be associated with significant psychiatric morbidity [13] and can persist despite changes in caregiving context [14]. Inhibited RAD is thought to be very rare beyond the specific context of maltreatment [14] but we have recently shown that the disinhibited form is far from being rare and has a prevalence of around 1.4% in a deprived population [15]—similar to or even higher than the population prevalence of ASD [16]. We have also found that children with RAD often have complex neurodevelopmental problems [17] and that, even after living for several years in loving adoptive families, these children can still have problems that are a major burden for themselves, their families, and their peers [18].…”

Section: What Are the Maltreatment-associated Psychiatric Problems?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Maltreatment‐Associated Psychiatric Problems: An Example of Environmentally Triggered ESSENCE?

Minnis

2013

The Scientific World Journal

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This paper presents a new concept—maltreatment associated psychiatric problems (MAPP)—a syndrome of overlapping complex neurodevelopmental problems in children who have experienced abuse or neglect in early life. Children with MAPP are a hidden population in the community and, in clinical settings, their problems can seem overwhelming. Individual disorders associated with maltreatment are discussed as well as the overlap between these disorders and their shared environmental and genetic predisposing factors. Because of the complex and overlapping nature of MAPP, with symptoms emerging in early life, I argue that it should be considered an example of ESSENCE. Children presenting with likely MAPP should receive a comprehensive assessment, probing for symptoms of all of the ESSENCE disorders and leading to the use of evidence-based treatments where these are available.

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Prevalence of reactive attachment disorder in a deprived population

Abstract: In this deprived general population, RAD was not rare.

Cited by 91 publications

References 17 publications

Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors

Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors

Children after adoption: Exploring their psychological needs

Maltreatment‐Associated Psychiatric Problems: An Example of Environmentally Triggered ESSENCE?

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