Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Children of Different Ethnic Origin

Zwirs, Barbara; Burger, Huibert; Schulpen, T. W. J.; Wiznitzer, Martin; Fedder, Hans; Buitelaar, Jan K.

doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9112-9

Cited by 91 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Few studies outside the United States have been conducted to test for differences in the prevalence of ADHD as a function of race or ethnicity. One study in the Netherlands reported initial ethnic differences in prevalence when ADHD was defined only by symptom criteria, but these differences were not significant when full DSM-IV criteria were applied [29]. Overall, these results suggest that race or ethnic differences in prevalence may be most likely to emerge when ADHD is defined by rating scales and by symptom criteria only, but the small number of available studies underscores the critical need for additional research in this area.…”

Section: Race/ethnicitymentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Studies in Colombia [21], Germany [22], Iran [23], Australia [24], and the United States [25,26] indicated that individuals from low SES environments were 1.5-4 times more likely to meet criteria for ADHD than individuals from families with high SES. However, other studies did not find a significant relation between SES and prevalence of ADHD [12,[27][28][29] suggest that additional research is needed to test more conclusively whether low SES may be a risk factor for ADHD in at least some populations. …”

Section: Socioeconomic Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Prevalence of DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review

2012

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This article describes a comprehensive metaanalysis that was conducted to estimate the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). A systematic literature review identified 86 studies of children and adolescents (N0 163,688 individuals) and 11 studies of adults (N014,112 individuals) that met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, more than half of which were published after the only previous meta-analysis of the prevalence of ADHD was completed. Although prevalence estimates reported by individual studies varied widely, pooled results suggest that the prevalence of DSM-IV ADHD is similar, whether ADHD is defined by parent ratings, teacher ratings, or a best estimate diagnostic procedure in children and adolescents (5.9-7.1 %), or by self-report measures in young adults (5.0 %). Analyses of diagnostic subtypes indicated that the predominantly inattentive type is the most common subtype in the population, but individuals with the combined type are more likely to be referred for clinical services. Additional research is needed to determine the etiology of the higher prevalence of ADHD in males than females and to clarify whether the prevalence of ADHD varies as a function of socioeconomic status or ethnicity. Finally, there were no significant prevalent differences between countries or regions of the world after controlling for differences in the diagnostic algorithms used to define ADHD. These results provide important support for the diagnostic validity of ADHD, and argue against the hypothesis that ADHD is a cultural construct that is restricted to the United States or any other specific culture.Keywords ADHD . Prevalence . DSM-IV . Subtypes . DiagnosisIn 2007, Polanczyk et al.[1] completed the first comprehensive meta-analysis of the prevalence of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD was estimated to be 5.29 %, but specific estimates varied widely across the 103 studies included in the analysis. Significant moderators that accounted for a portion of the heterogeneity among studies included the diagnostic criteria used to define ADHD, the method used to assess ADHD symptoms, the specific algorithm used to combine multiple sources of information, and the incorporation of functional impairment as part of the definition of ADHD. Their results also suggested that the prevalence of ADHD was higher in males than females, and highest in young children, but age and gender were not included in final multivariate models, because too few studies reported results stratified on these variables.Interpretation of prevalence studies is complicated by significant changes to the diagnostic criteria for ADHD for the past 30 years, culminating in the current definition specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) [2]. The DSM-IV defined 3 nominal subtypes of ADHD, based on differen...

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Section: Race/ethnicitymentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Socioeconomic Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence of DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review

2012

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“…For comparison's sake, we also recruited two groups of children from a study on the detection of ADHD among children of different ethnic origin in the Netherlands (ADEON) [28]. The aim of the ADEON project was to develop and validate a tool (diagnostic score) that could be used as a rapid initial assessment of the probability of ADHD in non-referred school age children, taking ethnicity into account.…”

Section: Methods J Study Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

Societal costs and quality of life of children suffering from attention deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Roijen

Zwirs

Bouwmans

et al. 2007

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

111

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j Abstract Background The impact of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) in the Netherlands on health care utilisation, costs and quality of life of these children, as well as of their parents is unknown. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the direct medical costs of patients suffering from ADHD and their quality of life as well as the direct medical costs of their mothers. Study design We selected a group of 70 children who were being treated by a paediatrician for ADHD based on the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ADHD. For comparison's sake, we also included a non-matched group of 35 children with behaviour problems and 60 children with no behaviour problem from a large school population-based study on the detection of ADHD. We collected information on the health care utilisation of the children applying the Trimbos and iMTA questionnaire on Costs associated with Psychiatric illness' (TiC-P). Their health related quality of life was collected by using the Dutch 50-item parent version of the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ PF-50). Measurements were at baseline and at 6 months. Subsequently, we collected data on the health utilisation of the mothers and their production losses due to absence from work and reduced efficiency. Results The mean direct medical costs per ADHD patient per year were e2040 or e1173 when leaving out one patient with a long-term hospital admission, compared to e288 for the group of children with behaviour problems and e177 for the group of children with no behaviour problems. The direct medical costs for children who had psychiatric co-morbidities were significantly higher compared to children with ADHD alone. The mean medical costs per year for the mothers of the ADHD patients were significantly higher than for the mothers of the children with behaviour problems and the mothers of children with no behaviour problems respectively e728, e202 and e154. The physical summary score showed no significant differences between the groups. However, the score on the Psychosocial Summary Score dimension was significantly lower for ADHD patients compared to the scores of the children in the two other samples. The mean annual indirect costs due to absence from work and reduced efficiency at work were e2243 for the mothers of the ADHD patients compared to e408 for the mothers

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“…In a representative population of children and adolescents in Germany (172, 173), 18.5% of the 3-17-year-olds scored within the clinical or borderline area (174), and 14.5% of the 7-17-year-olds had at least one specific psychological symptom associated with reduction of function (175). In a twophase epidemiological study in the Netherlands including four different ethnic groups from a population of 2041 6-10-year-olds, 11% of the children had one or more impairing psychiatric disorders, which did not differ between native Dutch and immigrant children (176). Thus, it is necessary to continue to be attentive to the psychological condition of refugee children even after many years of residence in Denmark, and to make sure that they receive the necessary support, so that possible psychological problems do not become an obstacle to, for instance, their future education and working possibilities.…”

Section: Mental Health In Young Refugeesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Trauma, exile and mental health in young refugees

Montgomery¹

2011

Acta Psychiatr Scand

173

104

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Montgomery E. Trauma, exile and mental health in young refugees.Objective: To review evidence of trauma and exile‐related mental health in young refugees from the Middle East.Method: A review of four empirical studies: i) a qualitative study of 11 children from torture surviving families, ii) a cohort study of 311 3–15‐year‐old asylum‐seeking children, iii) a qualitative study of 14 members of torture surviving families and iv) a follow‐up study of 131 11–23‐year‐old refugees.Results: The reactions of the children were not necessarily post‐traumatic stress disorder specific. Seventy‐seven per cent suffered from anxiety, sleep disturbance and/or depressed mood at arrival. Sleep disturbance (prevalence 34%) was primarily predicted by a family history of violence. At follow‐up, 25.9% suffered from clinically relevant psychological symptoms. Traumatic experiences before arrival and stressful events in exile predicted internalizing behaviour, witnessing violence and frequent school changes in exile predicted externalizing behaviour. School participation, Danish friends, language proficiency and mother’s education predicted less long‐term psychological problems.Conclusion: Psychological problems are frequent in refugee children, but the extents are reduced over time in exile. Traumatic experience before arrival is most important for the short‐term reaction of the children while aspects of life in exile are important for the children’s ability to recover from early traumatization.

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Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Children of Different Ethnic Origin

Cited by 91 publications

References 33 publications

The Prevalence of DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review

The Prevalence of DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review

Societal costs and quality of life of children suffering from attention deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Trauma, exile and mental health in young refugees

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