Prevalence of primary HIV-1 drug resistance in pregnant women and in newly diagnosed adults at Tijuana General Hospital, Baja California, Mexico

Abstract

At Tijuana General Hospital, between March 2003 and June 2005, pregnant women and other adults, recently identified as HIV infected, antiretroviral naïve, were enrolled to examine the prevalence of primary HIV drug resistance. All subjects had the Calypte HIV-1 BED Incidence enzyme immunoassay test to identify recent infection. Genotypic analysis of HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase regions in plasma was performed. Forty-six subjects participated, eight (17%) men, 38 (83%) women. Ten (22%) subjects were classified as having recent HIV infection. HIV genotype was performed in 41 subjects. One subject (2.5%) had a major mutation in the reverse transcriptase region (K219Q) conferring zidovudine resistance, one had a minor mutation at V118I (2.5%) and two subjects (5%) had minor mutation (V179D) associated with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance. There were no major protease inhibitor-associated mutations but minor mutations were common. The prevalence of primary HIV drug resistance in Baja California is low.

Prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance among treatment-naive and treated HIV-infected patients in Venezuela

“…In a previous report based on a smaller number of naïve patients from Venezuela (Bouchard et al 2007), the prevalence of mutations conferring drug resistance (2/20, 10%) was found to be very similar to that observed in the current study (11%). The prevalence of drug resistance mutations among viruses infecting naïve Venezuelan patients was higher than those reported in Argentina and Mexico (4.2% and 2.5%, respectively) (Dilernia et al 2007, Viani et al 2007). In Brazil, primary resistance mutations vary according to region, with low prevalence in Rio de Janeiro (1.4%) (Varella et al 2007) and higher prevalence in Sao Paulo (6.5%) (Gonsalez et al 2007).…”

Surveillance of HIV Transmitted Drug Resistance in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…In both cases, most TDR cases were associated with NRTI. A study performed from 2003 to 2005 in the city of Tijuana, in the Northwest region at the border with the USA, reported low TDR levels (n = 41, 2.5%), associated with NRTI [ 47 ]. More recent studies have reported moderate TDR levels in the country.…”

Transmitted drug resistance and type of infection in newly diagnosed HIV-1 individuals in Honduras

“…[12][13][14][15][16][17] Few studies have been conducted in Latin America concerning the prevalence of TDR, and available studies report TDR prevalences from 3% to 16%. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] In the Central American region there is scant information regarding TDR, but one study reported a 9.2% prevalence of TDR in Honduras at the beginning of the national antiretroviral therapy program during 2002-2003. 25 TDR represents a public health concern since it reduces the number of effective antiretroviral medications available to infected persons and therefore increases the risk of treatment failure.…”