Prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric diagnoses in three groups of abused children (sexual, physical, and both)

Ackerman, Peggy T.; Newton, Joseph E. O.; McPherson, W. Brian; Jl, Jones; Dykman, Roscoe A.

doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(98)00062-3

Cited by 327 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Also, clinically significant externalizing symptoms have been reported to be significantly higher among physically abused children compared to the reference group. Ackerman et al [15] found that children with a history of physical abuse have higher rates of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder diagnoses compared to other maltreatment subcategories such as emotional neglect or sexual abuse. Additionally, in their longitudinal birth cohort study, Fergusson & Lynskey [16] found that young people at age 18 reporting exposure to harsh or abusive treatment during childhood had elevated rates of violent offences, suicide attempts and alcohol abuse.…”

Section: Child Physical Abuse: Influence On Child's Mental Health Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental violence and adolescent mental health

Peltonen

Ellonen

Larsen

et al. 2010

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Being the target of parental violent acts decreases child adjustment and increases the likelihood of mental health problems in childhood and adolescence. Our study analyses how different types of parental violence ranging from verbal threats and swearing to hitting and kicking a child, are associated with child adjustment, indicated by strengths and difficulties scale (SDQ) total problem score, internalizing and externalizing problems as well as prosocial behaviour. We also study whether girls and boys and youths in two Nordic countries respond differently to parental violence. The data consists of a large-scale community sample of 15–16-year old Finnish (n = 5,762) and Danish (n = 3,943) adolescents. The representative data of continental Finland and its Finnish and Swedish speaking ninth graders as well as representative data of Danish ninth grade pupils were collected by the Police College of Finland and in Denmark by the National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark. The results show a clear dose–response effect between parental violent behaviour and the adolescent’s problems. The more severe forms of parental violence were associated with higher levels of SDQ total difficulties and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. There was also a connection between parental violence and the deterioration of prosocial behaviour. The association was gender and nationality specific. The findings imply a high prevalence of parental violence and adverse mental health among the affected Finnish and Danish adolescents. Though the laws have been set in motion to prevent the use of parental physical violence the challenges remain in several domains of child protection, general health care, prevention and intervention

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Section: Child Physical Abuse: Influence On Child's Mental Health Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental violence and adolescent mental health

Peltonen

Ellonen

Larsen

et al. 2010

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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“…In a sample of community children exposed to partner aggression, only 13% of the children met diagnostic criteria for PTSD; however, over 50% met the symptom criterion for intrusive thoughts regarding the events, one-fifth of the sample exhibited avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, and two-fifths of the sample experienced overarousal symptoms related to the traumatic events . In a clinic setting, 26% of physically abused children qualified for PTSD diagnoses; the percentage was higher for girls (50%) than for boys (18%) (Ackerman, Newton, McPherson, Jones, & Dykman, 1998). Based on a study of youth in foster care, 42% of those who were physically abused experienced PTSD (Lubit, 2006).…”

Section: Scope Of the Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: I. Overview and issues.

Margolin

Vickerman

2007

Professional Psychology: Research and Practice

156

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Exposure to child physical abuse and parents' domestic violence can subject youth to pervasive traumatic stress and lead to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The often repeating and ongoing nature of family violence exposure may result in youth exhibiting problems in multiple domains of functioning and meeting criteria for multiple disorders in addition to PTSD. These characteristics as well as unique factors related to children's developmental level and symptom presentation complicate a PTSD diagnosis. This paper describes evolving conceptualizations in the burgeoning field of trauma related to family violence exposure, and reviews considerations that inform assessment and treatment planning for this population. KeywordsPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); child physical abuse; domestic violence; complex trauma; Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD) Children's interpersonal violence exposure is now recognized as a potential precursor to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in youth with the acknowledgement that extraordinarily stressful events can occur as part of children's customary experiences. Early examples of children's PTSD focused on sudden, out-of-the-ordinary catastrophic events such as sniper attack and natural disaster (Pynoos, et al., 1987); however, recent definitions of trauma stressors have expanded to include events within the range of normal experience that are capable of causing death, injury, or threaten the physical integrity of the child or a loved one (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry [AACAP], 1998; American Psychological Association [APA], 1994). Yet, children's violence exposure poses challenges to current understanding of PTSD: What if the violence exposure is life-long and there is not a discrete precipitating event? Does violence that is not "life-threatening" still qualify as a traumatic event? This paper addresses children's exposure to violence in the home, specifically domestic violence and child physical abuse, as potential precursors to PTSD in children, and provides a foundational framework of knowledge essential to working with youth traumatized by family violence. For a review of treatments with this population, please see Vickerman and Margolin, this issue. Child sexual abuse and community violence, other examples of youth violence exposure, have somewhat different mechanisms of impact and have received attention

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“…Another concern is whether impaired sleep was related to PTSD rather than anxiety or depression, however this was not the case, as only one participant met lifetime diagnostic criteria for PTSD and only three participants met partial criteria. This is not surprising as PTSD is only the fifth (Ackerman, Newton, McPherson, Jones, & Dykman, 1998) or tenth (Copeland, Keeler, Angold, & Costello, 2007) most common diagnosis in childhood, following exposure to traumatic stressors. Further, participants in this sample were more likely to have experienced emotional neglect or abuse than types of maltreatment considered traumatic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does sleep disruption mediate the effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure?

Teicher

Ohashi

Khan

et al. 2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: Childhood maltreatment is associated with alterations in morphology of stress susceptible brain regions. Maltreatment is also known to markedly increase risk for psychopathology and to have an enduring disruptive effect on sleep. Objective: To determine whether abnormalities in sleep continuity have effects on brain morphometry and to evaluate the extent to which sleep impairments mediate the effects of maltreatment on brain structure. Method: Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure (MACE) scale ratings, actigraph-assessed sleep and 3T MRI were obtained on N = 37 18–19-year-old participants recruited from the community (N = 34 with neuroimaging). Results: Fourteen participants had no history of maltreatment while N = 23 were exposed, on average, to 4.7 types of maltreatment. Multiplicity of maltreatment was strongly associated with reduced sleep efficiency, increased wake after sleep onset time and number/duration of awakenings, which were independent of effects of maltreatment on depression and anxiety. The most important predictors of impaired sleep were exposure to parental non-verbal emotional abuse at 9–10 years of age. Reduced sleep efficiency correlated with reduced grey matter volume in hippocampus including CA1 subfield, molecular layer and dentate gyrus as well as inferior frontal gyrus and insula. Sleep mediated 39–46% of the effects of maltreatment on volume of hippocampal structures and inferior frontal gyrus. Conclusions: Actigraph-assessed sleep is disrupted in maltreated late teens and mediates a significant portion of the effects of maltreatment on hippocampal volume. Studies are needed to assess whether efforts to enhance sleep in maltreated children can pre-empt or ameliorate neurobiological consequences of maltreatment.

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Prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric diagnoses in three groups of abused children (sexual, physical, and both)

Cited by 327 publications

References 33 publications

Parental violence and adolescent mental health

Parental violence and adolescent mental health

Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: I. Overview and issues.

Does sleep disruption mediate the effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure?

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