Prevalence of PCR Ribotypes among
            <i>Clostridium difficile</i>
            Isolates from Pigs, Calves, and Other Species

Keel, M. Kevin; Brazier, Jon S.; Post, Karen W.; Weese, Scott; Songer, J. Glenn

doi:10.1128/jcm.00224-07

Cited by 246 publications

(217 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The source reservoir of C. difficile, either zoonotic or common environmental source, has yet to be confirmed [28]. However, there is growing concern about the role of animals as a reservoir, given that certain ribotypes, such as ribotype 078 are commonly found in animals [29].…”

Section: Clostridium Difficile Infection (Cdi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and the microbiome

2015

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The diverse and densely populated gastrointestinal microbiota is essential for the regulation of host physiology and immune function. As our knowledge of the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota continues to expand, there is new interest in using these developments to tailor fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and microbial ecosystem therapeutics (MET) for a variety of diseases. The potential role of FMT and MET in the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)-currently the leading nosocomial gastrointestinal infection-has proven highly effective for recurrent CDI, and has emerged as a paradigm shift in the treatment of this disease. The current review will serve as a summary of the key aspects of CDI, and will introduce the essential framework and challenges of FMT, as is currently practiced. MET represents the progression of conventional bacteriotherapy that fundamentally capitalizes on the restorative properties of intestinal bacterial communities and may be viewed as the culmination of a rationally designed therapeutic modality. As our understanding of the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota evolves, it will likely drive next-generation microbiota therapies for a range of medical conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and metabolic syndrome.

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Section: Clostridium Difficile Infection (Cdi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and the microbiome

2015

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“…7 A wide variety of genotypes of C. difficile have been isolated from horses with fatal colitis. 3,14 The striking feature about the isolate described in the current case is that it is NAP1, PCR ribotype 027, toxinotype III, which is the single most important epidemic strain causing human C. difficile-associated disease in North America, the United Kingdom, and Europe. 20,36 This finding is of unknown significance for human or even equine health.…”

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confidence: 99%

Equine Colitis X Associated with Infection by Clostridium Difficile NAP1/027

et al. 2009

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Abstract. A 14-year-old Quarter Horse with a 48-hr history of colic was euthanized after failure to respond to treatment. At necropsy, cecal and colonic mucosae were congested throughout, and there was segmental edema and significant thickening of the intestinal wall. Excessive numbers of mononuclear cells were found in mucosal lamina propria. Submucosal hemorrhage was diffuse and extensive, and Clostridium difficile toxins A and B were detected. Large numbers of C. difficile were isolated, and genetic characterization revealed them to be North American pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027, and toxinotype III. Genes for the binary toxin were present, and toxin negative-regulator tcdC contained an 18-bp deletion. This genotype comprises the current human ''epidemic strain,'' which is associated with human C. difficile-associated disease of greater than historical severity. The diagnosis was peracute typhlocolitis, with lesions and history typical of those attributed to colitis X.

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“…It is the most commonly diagnosed cause of hospital-and antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea in people, and recent evidence suggests that it may be emerging as an important community-associated pathogen (2,5). In addition to humans, C. difficile can be found in the intestinal tracts of a variety of animal species, including food animals, such as cattle and pigs (7,10,13). Clostridium difficile has also been found in retail meat (11,12,17), and concerns about the role of food in the epidemiology of community-associated C. difficile infection (CA-CDI) have been expressed (5,8,15).…”

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Detection and Enumeration ofClostridium difficileSpores in Retail Beef and Pork

Weese

Avery

Rousseau

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

159

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Recent studies have identified Clostridium difficile in food animals and retail meat, and concern has been raised about the potential for food to act as a source of C. difficile infection in humans. Previous studies of retail meat have relied on enrichment culture alone, thereby preventing any assessment of the level of contamination in meat. This study evaluated the prevalence of C. difficile contamination of retail ground beef and ground pork in Canada. Ground beef and ground pork were purchased from retail outlets in four Canadian provinces. Quantitative and enrichment culture was performed. Clostridium difficile was isolated from 28/230 (12%) samples overall: 14/115 (12%) ground beef samples and 14/115 (12%) ground pork samples (P ‫؍‬ 1.0). For ground beef, 10/14 samples (71%) were positive by enrichment culture only. Of the 4 ground beef samples that were positive by direct culture, 20 spores/g were present in 2 while 120 and 240 spores/g were present in 1 each. For ground pork, 10/14 (71%) samples were positive by enrichment culture only. Of the 4 ground pork samples that were positive by direct culture, 20 spores/g were present in 3 while 60 spores/g were present in 1. Ribotype 078 predominated, consistent with some previous studies of C. difficile in food animals. Ribotype 027/North American pulsotype 1 was also identified in both retail beef and pork. This study has identified relatively common contamination of retail ground beef and pork with C. difficile spores; however, the levels of contamination were very low.

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Prevalence of PCR Ribotypes among Clostridium difficile Isolates from Pigs, Calves, and Other Species

Abstract: PCR ribotypes were obtained for 144 Clostridium difficile isolates from neonatal pigs. Porcine isolates comprised four PCR ribotypes, but one, ribotype 078, predominated (83%). This was also the most common ribotype (94%) among 33 calf isolates but was rarely identified in other species.

Cited by 246 publications

References 14 publications

Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and the microbiome

Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and the microbiome

Equine Colitis X Associated with Infection by Clostridium Difficile NAP1/027

Detection and Enumeration ofClostridium difficileSpores in Retail Beef and Pork

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