Prevalence of Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes among carriage and invasive Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Malaysia

Abstract

Prevalence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes among carriage and invasive Staphylococcus aureus isolates in MalaysiaStaphylococcus aureus nasal colonization is common among humans, and causality between carriage and invasive diseases has been substantiated. 1 The pathogenicity of S. aureus is determined by a variety of bacterial cell wall surface components and exoproteins. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), one of these pathogenic determinants, is a bicomponent cytotoxin encoded by the pvl genes luk-S-PV and luk-F-PV. PVL destroys leukocytes by creating pores in the mitochondrial membrane. 2 The PVL genes are predominantly associated with S. aureus strains that cause communityacquired infections, including skin and soft-tissue abscesses, necrotizing pneumonia and invasive osteomyelitis. 3 Recent reports of increasing numbers of S. aureus infections caused by PVL-positive organisms worldwide prompted us to investigate the prevalence of such strains in Malaysia.The study was conducted on S. aureus strains collected from the anterior nares of two different populations (age 1-80 years) after institutional ethical approval. Strains were derived from (i) an indigenous community known locally as 'Orang asli' (n = 47) and (ii) rural people (n = 41) living in a village that belongs to a federal land development authority (Felda). Strains derived from these people were compared with a set of invasive methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (n = 40) strains (blood culture, skin and soft-tissue infections) collected in a public hospital. All strains (128) were subjected to PVL toxin gene PCR. 4 PVL-positive strains were typed by multi locus sequence typing (MLST). MRSA strains with the PVL genes were further characterized by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. 5 Forty-seven (22.5%) of 208 indigenous, and 41 (19.24%) of 213 rural people appeared to be colonized with methicillinsusceptible S. aureus. One (2.1%) of 47 indigenous and three

Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Harboring the mecA or Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Genes in Hospitals in Java and Bali, Indonesia

“…20 A more recent study reported that ST188 PVLpositive MSSA was predominant among discharge patients in Malaysia. 37 In concordance with other studies, we did not find PVLpositive MRSA in Indonesia. 20,36 However, the emergence of such strains is not unlikely because of possible horizontal transfer of the mecA gene to PVL-positive MSSA.…”

Emergence of Hospital- and Community-Associated Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Genotype ST772-MRSA-V in Ireland and Detailed Investigation of an ST772-MRSA-V Cluster in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

“…Additional studies are under way to investigate this further. Unlike other ST772-MRSA-V isolates reported in the literature (1,11,13,15,24,26,34), those recovered within the Irish maternity hospital NICU were not associated with any known clinical diagnosis of infection and were most frequently recovered from screening specimens of patients within the NICU. In contrast, the seven ST772-MRSA-V isolates recovered from patients in other Irish hospitals (n ϭ 2) and from patients in the community (n ϭ 5) and for which there was clinical information available were found to be associated with skin and soft tissue infections.…”

“…Recently, a PVL-positive CA-MRSA clone, ST772-MRSA-V, that is relatively multiantibiotic resistant compared to other CA-MRSA clones was identified in several countries. Methicillin-susceptible ST772 S. aureus was originally reported in Bangladesh, but this was quickly followed by reports of ST772-MRSA-V in India and Malaysia and subsequently in England, Italy, Australia, Germany, Hong Kong, and Abu Dhabi (1,13,15,24,26,34). Many patients identified with ST772-MRSA-V outside India had familial links in, or travel history to or from, India, resulting in the ST772-MRSA-V clone being dubbed the Bengal Bay clone (15,24,26).…”

“…Methicillin-susceptible ST772 S. aureus was originally reported in Bangladesh, but this was quickly followed by reports of ST772-MRSA-V in India and Malaysia and subsequently in England, Italy, Australia, Germany, Hong Kong, and Abu Dhabi (1,13,15,24,26,34). Many patients identified with ST772-MRSA-V outside India had familial links in, or travel history to or from, India, resulting in the ST772-MRSA-V clone being dubbed the Bengal Bay clone (15,24,26). In addition, ST772-MRSA-V is increasingly prevalent in India, where it has spread into hospitals and, along with ST22-MRSA-IV, has displaced the previously predominant nosocomial ST239-MRSA-III clone (13).…”

Draft Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus aureus 118 (ST772), a Major Disease Clone from India

“…These newer variants also carry several toxins and virulence factors, including Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). ST772, called the Bengal Bay clone by some, was previously reported only in Bangladesh, India, and Malaysia but is now being reported in England, Ireland, and several other European countries (1,4,10).…”