Prevalence of MRSA types in slaughter pigs in different German abattoirs

Tenhagen, Bernd‐Alois; Fetsch, A.; Stührenberg, B.; Schleuter, G.; Guerra, Beatriz; Hammerl, Jens A.; Hertwig, Stefan; Kowall, Jane; Kämpe, U.; Schroeter, Andreas; Bräunig, J.; Käsbohrer, Annemarie; Appel, Bernd

doi:10.1136/vr.165.20.589

Cited by 69 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Almost 37% of the isolates, 43% of them recovered from healthy carrier pigs, showed resistance to five or more classes of antimicrobials, whereas only 28% did in a study of 55 German ST398 isolates from diseased swine (21). All 100 isolates were resistant to tetracycline, a property of the ST398 clone also found by other authors (9,41). This resistance is mostly related to the presence of the tet(M) gene located in transposons Tn5801 and Tn916.…”

Section: Aac(6ј)-ie-aph(2љ)-ia Ant(4ј)-iamentioning

confidence: 59%

Virulence and Resistance Determinants of German Staphylococcus aureus ST398 Isolates from Nonhuman Sources

Argudín

Tenhagen

Fetsch

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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190

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A series of 100 Staphylococcus aureus isolates ascribed to sequence type 398 (ST398) and recovered from different sources (healthy carrier and diseased pigs, dust from pig farms, milk, and meat) in Germany were investigated for their virulence and antimicrobial resistance genetic background. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by the disk diffusion method. Virulence and resistance determinants (37 and 31 genes, respectively) were tested by PCR. Only two virulence profiles, including the accessory gene regulator agrI and three or four hemolysin-encoding genes, were detected. In contrast, 33 resistance profiles were distinguished (only 11 were shown by more than one isolate). Fifty-nine isolates were multiresistant (four or more antimicrobial classes), and 98 were methicillin resistant (mecA positive). All of the ST398 isolates showed resistance to tetracycline [encoded by tet(M) alone or together with tet(K) and/or tet(L)]. In addition, 98% were resistant to other antimicrobials, including macrolide-lincosamine-streptogramin B (70%, encoded by ermA, ermB, and ermC, alone or in combination), trimethoprim (65%, mostly due to dfrK and dfrG), kanamycin and gentamicin [29% and 14%, respectively, mainly related to aac(6)-Ie-aph(2؆)-Ia and/or ant(4)-Ia but also to aph(3)-IIIa], chloramphenicol (9%, fexA or cfr), quinupristin-dalfopristin (9%), ciprofloxacin (8%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (4%). The heterogeneity of the resistance profiles underlines the ability of the ST398 clone to acquire multiple antimicrobial resistance genes. However, the virulence gene content of the tested isolates was low. Continuous surveillance is needed to clarify whether its pathogenicity potential for animals and humans will increase over time.Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) of sequence type 398 (ST398) has gained particular attention during recent years because of its association with pigs and its ability to colonize pig farmers and other people in close contact with pigs (7,12,47). The MRSA isolates of ST398 usually lack important virulence determinants that are typical in other community and hospital MRSA isolates. The majority of the ST398 isolates analyzed so far carry only hemolysin-encoding genes (13,21,31,32), although a small number of cases in which the isolates carried the bicomponent leukotoxin PantonValentine (lukPV genes) (43, 49) or staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs, se genes) (21, 26) have also been reported. Genes for other toxins, like exfoliatins (ET, et genes), leukotoxins, and toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1, tst gene) have not been found yet in ST398 isolates (13,21,31,32,44). The regulation of the expression of most extracellular virulence factors in S. aureus is under the control of a two-component signaling system called the accessory gene regulator (agr), which is polymorphic and divided into four distinct genetic groups (I to IV). A correlation exists between some agr groups and certain pathotypes and clonal complexes (CCs) (48), and CC398 seem to be associated with agr group I (ag...

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Section: Aac(6ј)-ie-aph(2љ)-ia Ant(4ј)-iamentioning

confidence: 59%

Virulence and Resistance Determinants of German Staphylococcus aureus ST398 Isolates from Nonhuman Sources

Argudín

Tenhagen

Fetsch

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

Self Cite

190

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The present study confirmed that experimental nasal colonization of pigs with MRSA does not result in clinical signs, despite a comparatively high bacterial load used for the inoculation. Pigs colonized with MRSA have been reported not to show clinical signs, so the term colonization instead of infection is currently used (13,35). The inoculation dose of ϳ5.0 ϫ 10 8 CFU/animal used in this study was determined in pretrials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these are mainly field studies dealing with the prevalence of MRSA (14,28,35) in naturally contaminated animals on farms and in slaughterhouses. There are no reports about the rate of recovery of MRSA from internal organs of large domestic animals after experimental inoculation with MRSA.…”

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confidence: 99%

Colonization Kinetics of Different Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Types in Pigs and Host Susceptibilities

Szabó

Beck²,

Friese³

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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In this study we investigated the kinetics of colonization, the host susceptibility and transmissibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) after nasal treatment of pigs with three different MRSA strains of distinctive clonal lineages (sequence type 398 [ST398], ST8, and ST9), and origin in weaning piglets. The colonization dose of 5.0 ؋ 10 8 CFU/animal was determined in preliminary animal studies. A total of 57 piglets were randomly divided into four test groups and one control group. Each of three test groups was inoculated intranasally with either MRSA ST8, MRSA ST9, or MRSA ST398. The fourth group was a mixture of animals inoculated with MRSA ST398 and noninoculated "sentinel" animals. Clinical signs, the nasal, conjunctival, and skin colonization of MRSA, fecal excretion, and organ distribution of MRSA, as well as different environmental samples were examined. After nasal inoculation with MRSA piglets of all four test groups showed no clinical signs of an MRSA infection. MRSA was present on the nasal mucosa, skin, and conjunctiva in all four test groups, including sentinel animals. Likewise, fecal excretion and internal colonization of MRSA ST8, ST9, and ST398 could be shown in each group. However, fecal excretion and the colonization rate of the nasal mucosa with MRSA ST9 were significantly lower in the first days after infection than in test groups infected with ST8 and ST398. The results of this study suggest differences in colonization potential of the different MRSA types in pigs. Furthermore, colonization of lymph nodes (e.g., the ileocecal lymph node) with MRSA of the clonal lineage ST398 was demonstrated.

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“…1]), which is often associated with this clonal type. It has been reported that MRSA ST398 carrying an SCCmec of type V has been the predominant livestock-associated MRSA clone in Europe (1,28), and a previous study of pigs and farm workers in Midwestern United States showed that the ST398 isolates were SCCmec type V (27).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Transmission of MRSA from colonized pigs to humans has been reported in The Netherlands (31). MRSA sequence type 398 (ST398) or clonal complex 398 (CC398) based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST), also referred to as livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA), from pigs, pig farmers, and the environment has been reported in a number of European countries (5,8,9,10,14,19,28,31) and North America (18,22,27,34,35).…”

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confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Genotypic Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains of Porcine Origin

et al. 2012

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The main goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), particularly livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) in pigs and pork. The genotypic relatedness of isolates on the farm, at slaughter, and at the retail level was assessed. Paired nasal and perianal swab samples were collected from 10 cohorts of market-age pigs (24 pigs per cohort) and carcasses at slaughterhouse, and pork samples were collected at retail. Staphylococci were isolated using selective enrichment method. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial resistance by broth microdilution. Duplex PCR was used to confirm MRSA using species-specific (nuc) and methicillin resistance (mecA) genes. The clonal relatedness of isolates was determined using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), Staphylococcus protein A (spa) typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec) typing. MRSA was detected in 5 of the 10 cohorts (50%), with the prevalence ranging from 0% to 12.5% per cohort. Of all the pigs sampled on the farm before they went to market, 3% (7/240) were MRSA positive. A higher prevalence of MRSA was detected at holding pens at the slaughterhouse (11% [27/240]). MRSA was also detected in 2% (4/235) of the carcasses and 4% (5/135) of the retail pork. While the isolates appear predominantly to be highly clonal, PFGE had a relatively higher discriminatory power (discriminatory index [DI] ‫؍‬ 0.624). Four genotypic clusters were identified by PFGE; of the four clusters, clonal type B was predominant across the farm-to-retail continuum. MLST findings revealed that sequence type 5 (ST5) was the most predominant subtype (32/50). The livestock-associated MRSA (clonal complex 398 [CC398] or sequence type 398 [ST398]) was the second common type (12/50) and was detected at all stages from farm to retail. Nine of the 50 (18%) MRSA isolates belonged to spa type 539/t034 that were of ST398 based on MLST. The results of this study confirm that MRSA, including LA-MRSA, is common in herds of swine in Ohio and hereby shown to persist in the farm to processing and retail continuum.

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Prevalence of MRSA types in slaughter pigs in different German abattoirs

Cited by 69 publications

References 16 publications

Virulence and Resistance Determinants of German Staphylococcus aureus ST398 Isolates from Nonhuman Sources

Virulence and Resistance Determinants of German Staphylococcus aureus ST398 Isolates from Nonhuman Sources

Colonization Kinetics of Different Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Types in Pigs and Host Susceptibilities

Epidemiology and Genotypic Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains of Porcine Origin

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