Prevalence of Metronidazole-Resistant Trichomonas vaginalis in a Gynecology Clinic

Schmid, George P.; Narcisi, E M; Mosure, Debra J.; Secor, W. Evan; Higgins, J. B.; Moreno, Hugo

doi:10.1097/00006254-200111000-00015

Cited by 52 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…It is estimated that approximately 2.5 to 5% of all cases of trichomoniasis display some level of resistance to treatment with metronidazole (97). This resistance is relative and can usually be overcome with higher doses of oral metronidazole (67).…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichomoniasis

2004

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Trichomoniasis is perhaps the most common curable sexually transmitted disease worldwide, yet few resources are devoted to its control. It is associated with potentially serious complications such as preterm birth and human immunodeficiency virus acquisition and transmission. The immunology of a related organism, Tritrichomonas foetus, which causes disease in cattle, has been investigated to some extent, but more work is needed for the human strain, Trichomonas vaginalis. In addition, although trichomoniasis is easily treated with oral metronidazole, there is concern that the number of strains resistant to this antibiotic are increasing, and currently no alternative is licensed in the United States. As more is appreciated concerning the important public health implications of this common infection, more work will need to be done in understanding the diagnosis, treatment, and immunology of this organism

show abstract

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichomoniasis

2004

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although the cure rate was high, these drugs demonstrated treatment failure which was normally related to non-compliance because of side effects such as headache, dry mouth, metallic taste, glossitis, and urticaria caused by lengthy treatment or high doses (Garduño-Espinosa et al, 1992;Kapoor et al, 1999;Oxberry et al, 1994), or reinfection (Rocha et al, 2012). Moreover, an increasing number of metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis isolates have been reported since metronidazole was introduced for the treatment of trichomoniasis in 1959 (Blaha et al, 2006;Butler et al, 2010;Durel et al, 1967;Narcisi & Secor, 1996;Schmid et al, 2001; Upcroft et al, 2006). In addition, the metronidazole-resistant isolates were cross-resistant to other members of the 5-nitrothiazole compounds including ornidazole, tinidazole, nitazoxanide, and furazolidone (Wright et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Trichomonas vaginalisproperties of the oil ofAmomum tsao-koand its major component, geraniol

Dai

Peng

et al. 2015

Pharmaceutical Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Context: Trichomonosis, caused by the flagellate protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) and 5-nitroimidazole drugs are used for the treatment. However, a growing number of T. vaginalis isolates are resistant to these drugs, which make it becomes an urgent issue. Objective: The current study was designed to evaluate the anti-T. vaginalis activity of the essential oil from A. tsao-ko used in traditional Chinese medicine and as a spice and its main component, geraniol. Materials and methods:The anti-T. vaginalis activities of A. tsao-ko essential oil and geraniol were evaluated by the minimum lethal concentration (MLC) and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) in vitro. The morphological changes of T. vaginalis were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, sub-MLC concentration treatment with sub-MLC A. tsao-ko essential oil and geraniol was also performed. Results: This study shows that MLC/IC 50 of A. tsao-ko essential oil was 44.97 mg/ml/22.49 mg/ml for T. vaginalis isolate Tv1, and 89.93 mg/ml/44.97 mg/ml for T. vaginalis isolate Tv2. Those of geraniol were 342.96 mg/ml/171.48 mg/ml, respectively. After A. tsao-ko essential oil or geraniol treatment, obvious similar morphological changes of T. vaginalis were observed by TEM: the nuclear membrane was damaged, nuclei were dissolved, and the chromatin was accumulated; in the cytoplasm, numerous vacuoles appeared, rough endoplasmic reticulum dilated, the number of ribosomes were reduced, organelles disintegrated, the cell membrane was partially damaged, with cytoplasmic leakage, and cell disintegration was observed. The action time did not increase the effect of A. tsao-ko essential oil or geraniol against T. vaginalis, as no significant difference was observed after sub-MLC concentration treatment for 1, 3, and 5 h with A. tsao-ko essential oil and geraniol. Discussion and conclusion: The study describes the first report on the activity and morphological changes of A. tsao-ko essential oil and geraniol against T. vaginalis. The results obtained herein presented new opportunities for antitrichomonal drugs.

show abstract

“…Moreover, infections are linked to cervical cancer (15,16,17,18), benign prostate hyperplasia (19), advanced prostate cancer (20,21,22), and an increased risk of HIV infection (23,24,25,26,27). The increased recognition of the severe risks possible from a T. vaginalis infection along with reports of drug-resistant infections (28,29,30) underscores the need for a more complete understanding of host-pathogen interactions with a focus on differences between male and female infections.Despite the severe consequences that can arise from trichomoniasis, the mechanisms underlying the establishment and propagation of an infection are poorly understood, even less so in the male than in the female host. T. vaginalis is an extracellular parasite that does not become internalized by the host cell.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichomonas vaginalis Contact-Dependent Cytolysis of Epithelial Cells

et al. 2013

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

bTrichomonas vaginalis is an extracellular protozoan parasite that binds to the epithelium of the human urogenital tract during infection. In this study, we examined the propensities of 26 T. vaginalis strains to bind to and lyse prostate (BPH-1) and ectocervical (Ect1) epithelium and to lyse red blood cells (RBCs). We found that only three of the strains had a statistically significant preference for either BPH-1 (MSA1103) or Ect1 (LA1 and MSA1123). Overall, we observed that levels of adherence are highly variable among strains, with a 12-fold range of adherence on Ect1 cells and a 45-fold range on BPH-1 cells. Cytolysis levels displayed even greater variability, from no detectable cytolysis to 80% or 90% cytolysis of Ect1 and BPH-1, respectively. Levels of adherence and cytolysis correlate for weakly adherent/cytolytic strains, and a threshold of attachment was found to be necessary to trigger cytolysis; however, this threshold can be reached without inducing cytolysis. Furthermore, cytolysis was completely blocked when we prevented attachment of the parasites to host cells while allowing soluble factors complete access. We demonstrate that hemolysis was a rare trait, with only 4 of the 26 strains capable of lysing >20% RBCs with a 1:30 parasite/RBC ratio. Hemolysis also did not correlate with adherence to or cytolysis of either male (BPH-1)-or female (Ect1)-derived epithelial cell lines. Our results reveal that despite a broad range of pathogenic properties among different T. vaginalis strains, all strains show strict contact-dependent cytolysis. T he exclusively human-infective flagellated parasitic protistTrichomonas vaginalis is the cause of the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease, trichomoniasis. In women, the parasite resides in the vagina and colonizes the cervix; in men, it can be found in the urogenital tract and the prostate. In 2008 alone there were an estimated 276.4 million new cases in adults between 19 and 49 years of age, with a 10-fold-higher prevalence in females than in males (1). T. vaginalis in males often goes undetected, and thus the incidence is difficult to determine. However, it has been reported that in men with infected female partners, the incidence can range from 15 to 73% (2, 3, 4, 5). Additionally, men can clear infections 3 to 12 times faster than women whether the infection is treated or not (6, 7). The percentage of men who reportedly remain asymptomatic upon T. vaginalis infection is highly variable depending on the population examined and the diagnostic technique utilized. Regardless, it is thought that a higher proportion of men than women have asymptomatic infections (4,8,9).T. vaginalis infection can cause symptoms ranging from irritation and swelling in the urogenital tract to severe complications such as cervical erosion and premature birth during pregnancy (10,11,12). Trichomoniasis is also associated with infertility in both men and women (13,14). Moreover, infections are linked to cervical cancer (15,16,17,18), benign prostate hyperplasia (19), advance...

show abstract

Prevalence of Metronidazole-Resistant Trichomonas vaginalis in a Gynecology Clinic

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis

Anti-Trichomonas vaginalisproperties of the oil ofAmomum tsao-koand its major component, geraniol

Trichomonas vaginalis Contact-Dependent Cytolysis of Epithelial Cells

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About