Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the comparison of fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c as the glycemic criterion for MetS definition in non-diabetic population in Ghana

Abstract

BackgroundGlycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), owing to its ability to reflect glycemia over a relatively longer time span, is still been investigated as an adjunct test for fasting plasma glucose (FPG) to identify subjects at risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in some Caucasian populations. However, whether or not HbA1c can serve as an adjunct to FPG in the definition of MetS in the Ghanaian population remains unknown. This study determined the prevalence of MetS and evaluated HbA1c ≥ 5.6% and FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/l as the glycemic component of MetS among non-diabetic population in Ghana.MethodsThis was a case–control study conducted at St Francis Xavier Hospital, Assin Fosu, Central Region, Ghana. A total of 264 non-diabetic Ghanaian adults consisting of 158 newly diagnosed hypertensives and 106 normotensives, were recruited for the study. Fasting plasma insulin and glucose, HbA1c, and lipid profile was performed for each respondent.ResultsUsing the FPG as glycemic criterion, the overall MetS prevalence was 46.6%, 37.1%, and 12.5% according by the IDF, NCEP ATP III, and WHO criteria, respectively. The prevalence of MetS using the HbA1c criterion was 54.2%, 52.7%, and 42.4% by the IDF, NCEP ATP III and WHO criteria, respectively. The HbA1c criterion identified more participants with MetS compared to the FPG criterion with a good agreement between HbA1c and FPG using the IDF and NCEP ATP III criteria (κ = 0.484 to 0.899) respectively. However, the overlap between HbA1c and FPG based diagnosis of MetS was limited for the WHO criterion.ConclusionThe prevalence of metabolic syndrome is high among non-diabetics in Ghana. Introduction of HbA1c in addition to FPG in the screening of MetS improves identification of more people with MetS who would otherwise have been missed when only FPG-based diagnosis of MetS is used; with a substantial agreement with FPG, except when using the WHO criteria.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13098-019-0423-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Vitamin B12 deficiency in type 2 diabetic patients on metformin: a cross-sectional study from South-Western part of Ghana

“…Height was measured without wearing shoes using a wall-mounted ruler, to the nearest 0.1 m. Waist and hip circumferences were measured to nearest centimeter using a measuring tape. Waist to hip ratio (WHR) = WC (m)/HC (m), waist to height ratio and (WHtR) = WC (m)/height (m) were calculated [21]. Total body fat, percentage visceral fat (VF) and skeletal muscle were also estimated using the Omron Body Composition Monitor (Omron Corporation, Japan).…”

Development, Implementation and Evaluation of Educational Package for Controlling Metabolic Syndrome Components: a quasi-experimental trial in Iran

“…This is a quasi-experimental study conducted with 72 participants (aged 18-68 years) with Mets according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition [3] from two health centers in Tehran, Iran in 2018.…”

“…The intervention and control groups were not in touch with each other. The inclusion criteria were as follows: minimum age of 18 years old and existence of ≥3/5 elements for metabolic syndrome including: 1) central obesity (men: ≥94 cm, women: ≥80 cm waist circumference); 2) hypertension (systolic ≥130 mmHg, diastolic ≥85 mmHg and/or anti-hypertensive treatment); 3) diabetes (fasting blood sugar (FBS) ≥100 mg/dL and/or antidiabetic treatment); 4) elevated triglycerides(TG) (≥150 mg/dL); and 5) low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (men: <40 mg/dL, women: <50 mg/dL) and/or cholesterol-lowering treatment [3]. The exclusion criteria were hepatic diseases, hematologic diseases, renal failure (GFR <30), hypothyroidism, taking oral contraceptives, severe psychological illness, physical disability, cancer, type 1 diabetes, dementia, a level of education less than fifth grade, Immigration to another city and Changing in medications during study period.…”

“…TG determined by GPO/POD method and LDL cholesterol measured by Friedewald formula [21]. Cutoff points were taken as follows: For TG, ≥150 mg/dl; TC, ≥200 mg/dl; HDL-cholesterol<40 mg/dl in males and <50mg/dl in females; and LDL-cholesterol, ≥70 mg/dl [3,22].…”

“…The metabolic syndrome (MetS) also called syndrome X is a constellation of metabolic risk factors that appear to directly feeds into the prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus type II [1,2]. MetS poses the worldwide prevalence ranges from < 10% to > 84%, depending on method of defining MetS [3]. Many studies reported the spread of Mets in Iran from 8% to 43.6% based on various definitions [4].…”