Prevalence of Mental Health Problems and Its Associated Factors Among Recovered COVID-19 Patients During the Pandemic: A Single-Center Study

Abstract

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is profoundly affecting the mental health status. Although the burden of mental health problems has been reported in the general population and health care workers, little is known about the prevalence of mental health disorders among recovered COVID-19 patients and their associated factors.Methods: A cross-sectional telephonic-study of recovered COVID-19 patients with and without a history of hospitalization was conducted from April 20 to June 20, 2020, in Tehran, Iran. We assessed the anxiety symptoms, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among participants, using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) and PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Logistic regression analyses were used to explore the risk factors associated with mental health problems.Results: A total of 602 individuals with a mean age of 53.2 years (SD: 14.7), completed the study. The rates of mental health symptoms among the respondents were 5.8% (95% CI: 4.2–7.8%) for anxiety, 5.0% (95% CI: 3.5–7.0%) for depression, and 3.8% (95% CI: 2.3–5.3%) for PTSD disorders. Moreover, being younger than 50 years and female gender was significantly associated with a higher probability of reporting anxiety (p < 0.01), and depression (p < 0.001 for being younger than 50 years, p < 0.02 for female gender).Conclusions: The current study indicated that patients with COVID-19 presented features of anxiety, depression, and PTSD. These results may help implement appropriate mental health intervention policies for those at risk and minimize the mental health consequences of the COVID-19.

Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of severe COVID-19 infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…During the primary screening, a total of 1597 records were obtained, in which 50 articles relevant to our review were extracted for full-text search. During the secondary screening, we went through the full-text of these articles and found 13 articles with 1,093 participants satisfying our inclusion criteria and included as a part of the analysis ( Figure 1 ) ( Janiri et al, 2021 , Morin et al, 2021 , Naidu et al, 2021 , Rass et al, 2021 , Khademi et al, 2021 , Liu et al, 2020 , de Graaf et al, 2021 , Mazza et al, 2020 , Martillo et al, 2021 , Parker et al, 2021 , Beck et al, 2021 , Tarsitani et al, 2021 , Poyraz et al, 2021 ).…”

Behavioral problems of pediatric patients recovered from COVID-19 in Wuhan, China

“…Our analysis reveals that pediatric patients, despite apparent clinical recovery at discharge, had obvious behavioral problems when evaluated approximately two months later. Extensive research has examined the mental health burden in adults discharged from hospital with COVID-19 in China ( Chen et al, 2020 ; Chen, Huang, et al, 2021 ; Chen, Ju, et al, 2021 ; Huang, Huang, et al, 2021 ; Huang, Xu, et al, 2021 ; Huang, Zhuang, et al, 2021 ; Ju et al, 2021 ; Liang et al, 2020 ; Liu, Bao, et al, 2020 ; Liu, Baumeister, et al, 2020 ; Putri et al, 2021 ; Qu et al, 2021 ; Tu et al, 2021 ; Wu, Chen, et al, 2020 ; Wu, Hu, et al, 2020 ; Xiong, Xu, et al, 2021 ; Xiong, Zhong, et al, 2021 ; Yuan et al, 2020 ), Italy ( Mattioli et al, 2021 ; Tomasoni et al, 2021 ), Australia ( Darley et al, 2021 ; Rass et al, 2021 ), Netherlands ( de Graaf et al, 2021 ; Vlake et al, 2021 ), the UK ( Halpin et al, 2021 ; Zavala et al, 2021 ), France ( Garrigues et al, 2020 ; Horn et al, 2021 ; Morin et al, 2021 ), Germany ( Augustin et al, 2021 ; Daher et al, 2020 ), Iran ( Khademi et al, 2021 ; Mirfazeli et al, 2022 ), Egypt ( Kamal et al, 2021 ), Brazil ( Damiano et al, 2022 ; Todt et al, 2021 ), the USA ( Daugherty et al, 2021 ; Graham et al, 2021 ; Jovanoski et al, 2021 ; Martillo et al, 2021 ), and Korea ( Chang & Park, 2020 ) (see details in e Table B), reporting substantial psychological distress in the first few months after infection. However, there is limited information available on pediatric patients.…”

The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health calls for police service

“…Healthcare workers on the frontlines have similarly reported heightened levels of stress, anxiety, and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic due to factors such as immediate exposure to the virus and death, concerns over infection of self and family members, lack of personal protective equipment, overwork, and burnout (Kock et al, 2021 ; Moitra et al, 2021 ; Mosheva et al, 2021 ). Emerging research has also identified that individuals who have recovered or are in-recovery after COVID-19 infection may experience depression or PTSS (Khademi et al, 2021 ; Vindegaard & Benros, 2020 ).…”