Prevalence of maternal dietary iodine insufficiency in the north east of England: implications for the fetus

Kibirige, M S; Hutchison, Stewart; Owen, Clémentine; Delves, H. T.

doi:10.1136/adc.2003.029306

Cited by 89 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Exposure to environmental factors such as chemicals or increasing levels of other risk factors such as maternal iodine deficiency or high prenatal iodine exposures [27] or low birth weight infants [28], may be suggested by an increasing temporal trend, whereas infections or seasonally varying dietary factors or chemical exposures, such as dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyl [29], may be suggested by evidence of seasonal variation in the number of cases. The potential role of a suboptimal maternal iodine status in some parts of the North of England should be highlighted and clearly warrants further study [30]. We found little evidence of seasonal variation of elevated TSH levels in newborns, in line with a number of previous reports of no seasonality [4,9,[12][13][14].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Space–time clustering of elevated thyroid stimulating hormone levels

et al. 2011

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Space–time clustering of elevated thyroid stimulating hormone levels

et al. 2011

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“…The increasing contribution of milk iodine is likely to be a major reason why estimated dietary iodine intakes in the UK increased between 1952 and 1982 from 80 mg to 255 mg/d (76) . However, several UK authors have suggested that the increasing trend to replace iodine compounds used in the dairy and baking industries with non-iodine alternatives may be decreasing iodine intakes, similar to the situation that has occurred in Australia (77)(78)(79)(80)(81)(82) . If adventitious dietary iodine falls, the population may be vulnerable to iodine deficiency because iodised salt makes up < 5% of all salt consumed in the UK and the Republic of Ireland (77) .…”

Section: The Uk and The Republic Of Irelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent measurement of the iodine content in retail salt (thirty-six samples) in Cardiff (Wales) has shown iodine concentrations to be undetectable in thirty-two samples, with two samples, labelled as iodised, containing approximately 20 mg iodine/kg (77) . Limited data from Scotland (78) and north-east England (79) suggest many pregnant women are iodine deficient. In a study in Middlesbrough (north-east England) in 2000-2001 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at 15 weeks of gestation (n 227) and non-pregnant age-matched controls (n 227) were enrolled (79) .…”

Section: The Uk and The Republic Of Irelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Limited data from Scotland (78) and north-east England (79) suggest many pregnant women are iodine deficient. In a study in Middlesbrough (north-east England) in 2000-2001 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at 15 weeks of gestation (n 227) and non-pregnant age-matched controls (n 227) were enrolled (79) . Sixteen of the pregnant women (7 %) and twenty of the non-pregnant controls (8 .…”

Section: The Uk and The Republic Of Irelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Symposium on ‘Geographical and geological influences on nutrition’ Iodine deficiency in industrialised countries

Zimmermann

2009

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Iodine deficiency is not only a problem in developing regions; it also affects many industrialised countries. Globally, two billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake, and approximately 50% of continental Europe remains mildly iodine deficient. Iodine intakes in other industrialised countries, including the USA and Australia, have fallen in recent years. Iodine deficiency has reappeared in Australia, as a result of declining iodine residues in milk products because of decreased iodophor use by the dairy industry. In the USA, although the general population is iodine sufficient, it is uncertain whether iodine intakes are adequate in pregnancy, which has led to calls for iodine supplementation. The few available data suggest that pregnant women in the Republic of Ireland and the UK are now mildly iodine deficient, possibly as a result of reduced use of iodophors by the dairy industry, as observed in Australia. Representative data on iodine status in children and pregnant women in the UK are urgently needed to inform health policy. In most industrialised countries the best strategy to control iodine deficiency is carefully-monitored salt iodisation. However, because approximately 90% of salt consumption in industrialised countries is from purchased processed foods, the iodisation of household salt only will not supply adequate iodine. Thus, in order to successfully control iodine deficiency in industrialised countries it is critical that the food industry use iodised salt. The current push to reduce salt consumption to prevent chronic diseases and the policy of salt iodisation to eliminate iodine deficiency do not conflict; iodisation methods can fortify salt to provide recommended iodine intakes even ifper capitasalt intakes are reduced to <5 g/d.

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“…Iodine deficiency has been demonstrated in the UK in recent years in women of childbearing age (1)(2)(3) and pregnant women (4)(5)(6)(7) . The UK is now among the top ten iodine-deficient countries worldwide (8) , based on data from the 2011 national survey of teenage schoolgirls that revealed mild iodine deficiency in the cohort (1) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Availability of iodised table salt in the UK – is it likely to influence population iodine intake?

Bath

Button

Rayman

2013

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Iodine deficiency has recently been found in UK young and pregnant women, which is of concern given the importance of adequate iodine intake in pregnancy for fetal brain development. The WHO recommends that iodine deficiency in a population should be corrected through salt iodisation but there is a lack of UK data on iodised-salt availability, a situation that the present study aimed to address. Design: Availability of iodised salt for household use was determined by a shelf survey in five supermarket chains in each of sixteen UK areas (in Southern England, Wales and Northern Ireland) encompassing a total of seventy-seven supermarkets. All branches of a sixth supermarket chain that had 2?3 % of the market share sold exclusively iodised salt. Weighted iodised-salt availability was calculated taking the market share of supermarkets into account. Setting: The UK. Subjects: Not applicable. Results: Iodised salt was available in thirty-two of the seventy-seven supermarkets (41?6 %). After accounting for market share and including all six UK supermarket chains, the weighted availability of iodised salt was 21?5 %. The iodine concentration of the major UK brand of iodised salt is low, at 11?5 mg/kg. Conclusions: In contrast to other countries, iodised household table salt is unlikely to contribute meaningful amounts to UK iodine intake as (i) availability is low, (ii) table salt is only a small percentage of total UK salt intake and (iii) UK public-health campaigns have encouraged reduced salt consumption. As iodine intake in the UK is dependent entirely on food choices, regular monitoring of iodine status is essential.

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Prevalence of maternal dietary iodine insufficiency in the north east of England: implications for the fetus

Cited by 89 publications

References 19 publications

Space–time clustering of elevated thyroid stimulating hormone levels

Space–time clustering of elevated thyroid stimulating hormone levels

Symposium on ‘Geographical and geological influences on nutrition’ Iodine deficiency in industrialised countries

Availability of iodised table salt in the UK – is it likely to influence population iodine intake?

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