Prevalence of intimate partner violence among pregnant women attending a public sector hospital in Bengaluru, southern India

Abstract

Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is recognized as an important public health problem globally as well as in India. It may result in adverse physical and mental health consequences for the victim or unfavourable pregnancy outcomes if it happens during pregnancy. The possible risk factors for IPV can be explained by four levels of ecological factors: individual, partner, household and community. We estimated the prevalence of IPV and its association with selected ecological risk factors among pregnant women availing of antenatal care at a public sector hospital in Bengaluru, southern India. Methods We included 350 women above the age of 18 years with a confirmed pregnancy of less than 24 weeks and having no obstetric complication. We used the Conflict Tactics Scale to determine the presence of IPV. The risk factors measured were—individual level: respondent’s age, education, occupation, gravidity, planned or unplanned pregnancy, substance abuse, presence of depression and anxiety; partner-related: spouse’s education, occupation and marital discord; household/community-related: socioeconomic status, social support, religion and consanguinity. Results The prevalence of IPV was 3.7%. Factors that were significantly associated on multivariate analysis were higher age (above 20 years) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.82 [1.12–2.97], p=0.016) and presence of depression (AOR 6.84 [1.76–26.61], p=0.005). Conclusion The prevalence of IPV was less in our study population compared to figures reported from other Indian study settings.

Partner Conflict among a Cohort of Women during the Index Pregnancy as measured in the Extended Postpartum Six Weeks Period and its correlates in Ethiopia: Community Based Longitudinal Data; A Multilevel Analysis

“…In line with studies (23,35) respondent educational status is not found signi cantly affecting IPV, while studies (9,13,16,37) reported that no formal education was found to increase the odds of IPV. In this study husband educational status and age does not show signi cant association with IPV while studies (27,39) reported that husband better educational status lowers odds of IPV and other studies (13,23,37) reported that no or primary husband educational attainment increased the odds of IPV. Like a study (40) place of residence is not signi cant in this study and whereas studies (16, 24) reported that rural residence is associated with an increased odds of IPV.…”

“…Couple sociodemographic characteristics were not found signi cant in this study while previous studies reported a nding like this study and an association report with IPV as well. Like studies (9,35) age of the respondent is not found signi cant while studies (13,24,(36)(37)(38) reported that advanced respondent age and lower to middle wealth index were found to increase the odds of IPV. In line with studies (23,35) respondent educational status is not found signi cantly affecting IPV, while studies (9,13,16,37) reported that no formal education was found to increase the odds of IPV.…”

“…Like studies (9,35) age of the respondent is not found signi cant while studies (13,24,(36)(37)(38) reported that advanced respondent age and lower to middle wealth index were found to increase the odds of IPV. In line with studies (23,35) respondent educational status is not found signi cantly affecting IPV, while studies (9,13,16,37) reported that no formal education was found to increase the odds of IPV. In this study husband educational status and age does not show signi cant association with IPV while studies (27,39) reported that husband better educational status lowers odds of IPV and other studies (13,23,37) reported that no or primary husband educational attainment increased the odds of IPV.…”

Intimate partner violence is independently associated with poor utilization of antenatal care in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

“…However, this finding is much higher than studies conducted in Terai, Nepal, in 2018, which was 28.9% [ 4 ], and Bengaluru, India 2021 which was 3.7% [ 30 ]. This may be caused by many socioeconomic activities, cultural practices, or even religious practices.…”