Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among school children in capital areas of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, West Africa

Liao, Chien Wei; Fu, Chung Jung; Kao, Cheng Yen; Lee, Yueh Lun; Chen, Po Ching; Chuang, Ting Wu; Naito, Toshio; Chou, Chia Mei; Huang, Ying Chie; Bonfim, Idalina; Fan, Chia Kwung

doi:10.4314/ahs.v16i3.8

Cited by 28 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…It was higher than studies conducted in Côte d'Ivoire (18.7%) [ 52 ], Tanzania (17.4%) [ 53 ], Saudi Arabia (18.7%) [ 54 ], and Qatar (5.93%) [ 55 ]. However, it was almost similar to the studies from Bulgaria (25.53%) [ 56 ], Spain (28%) [ 57 ], the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (28.6%) [ 58 ], and Iran (21%) [ 59 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The prevalence of HIPPIs in the present study was lower than that of Libya (85%) [ 14 ]; Shahura Health Center, Amhara region, Ethiopia (39.84%) [ 49 ]; Cambodia (53.9%) [ 58 ]; Senegal (32.6%) [ 60 ]; Thailand (37.8%) [ 61 ]; Palestine (39.21%) [ 62 ]; Ghana (42.9%) [ 63 ]; Sudan (54.2%) [ 64 ]; Tripoli, Kenya (56%) [ 65 ]; Kut city, Iraq (57.5%) [ 66 ]; Iraq (98.8%) [ 67 ]; Cameroon (74.3%) [ 68 ]; Malaysia (72.3%) [ 69 ]; Mexico (65%) [ 70 ]; Mexico (60%) [ 71 ]; and Burkina Faso (84.7%) [ 72 ]. The differences may be attributed to methodological, social, economic, demographic, hygienic, weather and climatic, environmental, and political factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Human Intestinal Protozoan Parasitic Infections in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Tegen¹,

Damtie

Hailegebriel

2020

Journal of Parasitology Research

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Background. Human intestinal protozoan parasitic infections (HIPPIs) are a series of public health problems in developing countries like Ethiopia. The overall prevalence of HIPPIs in Ethiopia is not known. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis study is aimed at determining the overall prevalence of HIPPIs in Ethiopia. Methods. Articles written in English were searched from online public databases. Searching terms used were “prevalence,” “intestinal protozoan parasite,” “associated factors,” and “Ethiopia.” We used Stata version 14 for meta-analysis and Cochran’s Q test statistics and the I2 test for heterogeneity. Result. A total of 286 articles were reviewed, but only 45 of them fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of HIPPIs in Ethiopia was 25.01% (95% CI: 20.08%-29.95%) where Entamoeba histolytica/dispar is the most prevalent (14.09%, 95% CI: 11.03%-17.14%) followed by Giardia lamblia (10.03%, 95% CI: 7.69%-12.38%) and Cryptosporidium spp. (5.93%, 95% CI: 2.95%-8.91%). This meta-analysis showed that family size (OR: 3.7, 95% CI: 1.45-5.85), source of drinking water (OR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.30-5.36), open field defecation (OR: 2.91, 95% CI: 1.60-4.21), handwashing habit (OR: 2.82, 95% CI: 2.01-3.63), playing with soil (OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.01-3.29), the habit of eating raw vegetables (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.03-2.51), and fingernail trimming (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 0.89-2.25) were strongly associated with the HIPPIs in Ethiopia. High heterogeneity on the prevalence of HIPPIs was observed among studies within and among regions (I2>99% and P≤0.01). Conclusion. The prevalence of HIPPIs was significantly high among the Ethiopian population. Family size, source of drinking water, open field defecation, handwashing habit, the habit of eating raw vegetables, and fingernail trimming habits were significantly associated with HIPPIs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Human Intestinal Protozoan Parasitic Infections in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Tegen¹,

Damtie

Hailegebriel

2020

Journal of Parasitology Research

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“…in our study was similar to that reported in infants from LMIC in the multinational study MAL-ED [ 2 ], but the prevalence of STH in our cohort was much higher. Previous studies in STP have reported a high overall prevalence of enteric parasites, affecting 86.7% of preschool children [ 28 , 29 ] and 64.7% of primary school children [ 30 , 31 ]. These studies found a 56.3% prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides , 52.5% of Trichuris trichiura , 41.7% of Giardia lamblia [ 29 ], and 8.9% of Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subclinical Enteric Parasitic Infections and Growth Faltering in Infants in São Tomé, Africa: A Birth Cohort Study

Garzón

Pereira‐da‐Silva

Seixas

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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The associations between enteric pathogenic parasites and growth in infants in São Tomé were explored using a refined anthropometric approach to recognize early growth faltering. A birth cohort study was conducted with follow-up to 24 months of age. Microscopic examination for protozoa and soil-transmitted helminths was performed. Anthropometric assessments included: z-scores for weight-for-length (WLZ), length-for-age (LAZ), weight (WAVZ) and length velocities (LAVZ), length-for-age difference (LAD), and wasting and stunting risk (≤−1 SD). Generalized additive mixed effects regression models were used to explore the associations between anthropometric parameters and enteric parasitic infections and cofactors. A total of 475 infants were enrolled, and 282 completed the study. The great majority of infants were asymptomatic. Giardia lamblia was detected in 35.1% of infants in at least one stool sample, helminths in 30.4%, and Cryptosporidium spp. in 14.7%. Giardia lamblia and helminth infections were significantly associated with mean decreases of 0.10 in LAZ and 0.32 in LAD, and of 0.16 in LAZ and 0.48 in LAD, respectively. Cryptosporidium spp. infection was significantly associated with a mean decrease of 0.43 in WAVZ and 0.55 in LAVZ. The underestimated association between subclinical parasitic enteric infections and mild growth faltering in infants should be addressed in public health policies.

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“…Transmission of these pathogenic protozoa is by consumption of contaminated water and food [7,8]. Globally, an estimated 400 million school children are the worst affected by intestinal parasitic infections and due to the similar nature of transmission cycles, coinfections are common [9,10]. In Sub-Saharan Africa, an estimated 89.9 million school age children are infected, and studies have shown that factors associated with transmission of infections include fecal contamination of water sources, especially the unimproved sources, lack of environmental sanitation, poor socioeconomic conditions, and poor hygiene practices [9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Risk Factors among School Children in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya

Njambi

Magu

Masaku

et al. 2020

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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School children bear a significant burden of intestinal parasitic infections. Because they spend most of their time at home and school, it is necessary to identify the key water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) factors associated with these infections in both environments. This was a cross-sectional survey conducted in Mwea West, Kirinyaga County. 180 primary school children aged 8–14 years were randomly selected from three schools (Mianya, Mbui Njeru, and Mukou primary schools). Questionnaires and checklists were administered and single stool samples were collected. Stool samples were microscopically examined for Schistosoma mansoni, soil-transmitted helminths, and protozoan infections. Data on WASH were obtained at home and school. The factors significantly associated with S. mansoni and intestinal protozoa infections in the school children were determined using univariable and multivariable logistic regression models reporting the odds ratio at 95% confidence intervals. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni and intestinal protozoa infections was 70.5% (95% CI: 59.1–84.3) and 32.7% (95% CI: 26.8–40.1), respectively. Only one case of STH (A. lumbricoides) was identified. The prevalence of coinfections of S. mansoni and intestinal protozoa infections was 22.8% (95% CI: 19.2–27.1). An increased prevalence of S. mansoni infection was associated with children above 12 years (aOR = 3.19, p=0.015), those in Mianya primary (aOR = 1.23, p=0.001), those in Mukou primary (aOR = 3.19, p=0.001), and reported behavior of wearing shoes at home (aOR = 1.67, p=0.010). However, handwashing behavior after defecation at home (aOR = 0.39, p=0.001) was protective against S. mansoni infection. For any protozoan infection, male children had increased odds of infection (aOR = 2.41, p=0.001) while use of wiping material (aOR = 0.55, p=0.019) and water contact (aOR = 0.32, p=0.001) was protective against intestinal protozoa infections. Infections with S. mansoni and any protozoa and their coinfection were present. Findings revealed that several hygiene factors were protective against infections while other were risk factors. Therefore, deworming should be complemented with behavior education on hygienic habits.

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Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among school children in capital areas of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, West Africa

Cited by 28 publications

References 25 publications

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Human Intestinal Protozoan Parasitic Infections in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Human Intestinal Protozoan Parasitic Infections in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Subclinical Enteric Parasitic Infections and Growth Faltering in Infants in São Tomé, Africa: A Birth Cohort Study

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Risk Factors among School Children in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya

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