Prevalence ofTrichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeaeand human papillomavirus in a sexual health clinic setting in urban Sri Lanka

Abstract

The prevalences of Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and human papillomavirus (HPV) in Sri Lanka are not well reported; the objective of this study is to describe the prevalences of these four sexually transmitted infections among attendees of sexual health clinic in an urban setting. Vaginal swabs were collected from consenting women attending a sexual health clinic and tested for the presence of the above sexually transmitted infections using nucleic acid amplification techniques. Basic demographic details were sought from each participant (483 women of age range 14-61, median 30 years, IQR 12 years) via a research assistant-administered questionnaire. Overall, a prevalence of T. vaginalis, C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae and HPV was 2.3%, (95% CI: 1.2-4.1%), 8.2% (95% CI: 5.6-11.4%), 7.6% (95% CI: 5.2-10.8%), and 44.4% (95% CI: 39.8-49.1%), respectively. Among the 197 positive for HPV, HPV6 accounted for 23.1%, HPV16 (12.5%), then HPV11, HPV66 and HPV58 were the commonest. Vaccine-related types (6/11/16/18) were detected in 59.9% of cases (95%CI: 52.7-66.8%). The high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (45.2%) is a potential risk factor for an increase in HIV infections in the country and the high carriage of HPV supports the need for cervical cancer screening and prevention programmes.

Chlamydia trachomatis infection prevalence and serovar distribution in a high-density urban area in the north of Italy

“…This figure is in agreement with European reports about the epidemiology of CT infections, stating that the proportion of positive CT tests is generally 5-10 % in sexually active young people (ECDC, 2015) and it is similar to other surveys conducted in different countries worldwide (Yang et al, 2014;Corsenac et al, 2015;Samarawickrema et al, 2015) Overall, in our population, three-quarters of CT infections were diagnosed in the STI Outpatients Clinic (74 %) and the remainder were almost equally distributed among gynaecological clinics (15.2 %) and general practitioners (10.8 %). When comparing CT infection prevalence in the three subgroups, CT positivity in gynaecological clinics was the lowest, although this setting contributed more than one-third of the total subjects tested.…”

Prevalence and risk factors associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among women of reproductive age in Swaziland

“…When assessing the association between hr-HPV and individual STIs, there was a significant positive association between hr-HPV and NG and CT. The strong association between HPV infection and STIs has been demonstrated in previous studies, where infection with hr-HPV types, was a risk factor for CT and NG infection [64–66]. These findings are significantly of high importance for policy and prevention programmes to include HPV infection in the existing STIs prevention programmes in the country.…”

Prevalence of co-infections with other sexually transmitted infections in patients newly diagnosed with anogenital warts in Guangzhou, China

“…While opportunistic screening is oftentimes applied for patients from high-risk groups, [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]33,34 expanding this procedure for men and women newly diagnosed with anogenital warts can improve treatment and care for patients in China. This approach enables Chinese doctors to follow international protocols of screening non-high-risk populations consistent with other low-and-middle 8,37 as well as highincome 5,9,31,36 countries. Doing so improves the capacity of Chinese health facilities to provide data to support international efforts for more effective regional 2 and global STI surveillance systems.…”

“…1,7 Under-reporting of STIs is a widespread issue, with particularly detrimental effects on women’s health. 8 This problem is exacerbated by standard protocols in low- and middle-income countries that do not require testing for co-infections during opportunistic screening, which are now commonplace in high-income countries. 9 In China, for example, the 2007 national guidelines for the clinical procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of STIs did not require or provide recommendations for the screening of common co-infecting STIs.…”