Prevalence of Salmonella enterica in Poultry and Eggs in Uruguay during an Epidemic Due to Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis

Abstract

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is frequently associated with food-borne disease worldwide. Poultry-derived products are a major source. An epidemic of human infection with S. Enteritidis occurred in Uruguay, and to evaluate the extent of poultry contamination, we conducted a nationwide survey over 2 years that included the analysis of sera from 5,751 birds and 12,400 eggs. Serological evidence of infection with Salmonella group O:9 was found in 24.4% of the birds. All positive sera were retested with a gm flagellum-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and based on these results, the national prevalence of S. Enteritidis infection was estimated to be 6.3%. Salmonellae were recovered from 58 of 620 pools made up of 20 eggs each, demonstrating a prevalence of at least 1 in every 214 eggs. Surprisingly, the majority of the isolates were not S. Enteritidis. Thirty-nine isolates were typed as S. Derby, 9 as S. Gallinarum, 8 as S. Enteritidis, and 2 as S. Panama. Despite the highest prevalence in eggs, S. Derby was not isolated from humans in the period of analysis, suggesting a low capacity to infect humans. Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis of S. Derby and S. Enteritidis revealed more than 350 genetic differences. S. Derby lacked pathogenicity islands 13 and 14, the fimbrial lpf operon, and other regions encoding metabolic functions. Several of these regions are present not only in serovar Enteritidis but also in all sequenced strains of S. Typhimurium, suggesting that these regions might be related to the capacity of Salmonella to cause food-borne disease.

Presence of Salmonella in retail grade a eggs determined by the International Organization for Standardization 6579 method and a LightCycler polymerase chain reaction system

“…Our serotyping results revealed that all Salmonella isolates belonged to the serovar Enteritidis, similar to the findings of Suresh et al (28), Adesiyun et al (1) and Betancor et al (2), and in contrast to Musgrove et al (21) and Lee et al (19).…”

Native halo-tolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Enterococcus and Pantoea sp. improve seed yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) under soil salinity by reducing sodium uptake and stress injury

“…The positive isolates with similar colony morphology to bacterial inoculants were analyzed for DNA banding pattern using random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD PCR). RAPD PCR was carried out using the decamer arbitrary primer OPA-04 (5 0 -AATCCGGCTG-3 0 ) (Betancor et al 2010). The reaction mixture (25 ll) containing 2.5 ll of 1X Taq buffer, 3.5 ll of 25 mM MgCl 2 , 0.5 ll of 200 lM dNTP mix, 5.0 ll of 10 lM primer, 1.0 ll of 1U Taq polymerase and 1 ll of genomic DNA (*100 ng).…”

First Human Isolate of Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis Harboring bla CTX-M-14 in South America

“…is limited to life-threatening infections in children, elderly people, or immunocompromised patients, enteropathogenic microorganisms have already been pointed out as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (25,30). In Uruguay, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium are the most frequent agents of food-borne diseases (3,4,18), and historically they have remained susceptible to oxyiminocephalosporins (3,18).…”