Prevalence of Hypertension in Pregnancy and Its Associated Sociodemographic Factors Among Mothers Aged 15-49 Years Old in Malaysia

Abstract

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) pose a substantial public health concern, ranking among the primary contributors to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, impacting around 5-10% of pregnancies. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HDP and its associated risk factors among mothers aged 15-49 who recently gave birth within the last two years, throughout Malaysia, informing effective public health and primary care interventions. Methods: This study was a part of the national survey on maternal and child health (MCH) also known as the NHMS 2022: MCH. This was a cross-sectional study using two stage stratified random sampling design. Data of mothers aged 15 – 49 years old who recently gave birth within the last two years were selected in this study. This survey utilised a set of structured validated questionnaires administered via face-to-face interviews (using a mobile device). Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to identify the associated risk factors for hypertension. Results: Among 6 335 participants recruited for this study with estimated population of 782, 550, the prevalence of HDP among Malaysian mother aged 15 -49 years old who recently gave birth within the last two years was 6.52% (95% CI: 5.76, 7.37). Multiple logistic regression shows that factors that have a significant association with hypertension were maternal age and ethnicity. Advanced maternal age had higher odds of hypertension compared to those below 35 years old, with an OR of 2.19 (95% CI = 1.64, 2.94). When compared to the Malays, Indians had lower odds of hypertension (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.99). Conclusion: This knowledge is important for the early diagnosis and management of HDP to avoid adverse health outcomes in perinatal and postnatal mothers.