Prevalence of hypertension and associated cardiovascular risk factors in Central India

Abstract

Objectives:To study the difference in the prevalence of hypertension and associated risk factors in urban and rural populations and the association of hypertension with various determinants.Materials and Methods:A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 48 villages and 15 urban wards of Jabalpur District of Central India. Nine hundred and thirty-nine individuals aged 20 years and above (624 from rural areas and 315 from urban areas) were included in the study. The prevalence of hypertension and associated cardiovascular risk factors was assessed in the urban and rural populations. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic, behavioral, and dietary factors. Anthropometric measurements of weight, height, waist and hip circumference, and blood pressure measurements were taken using the standard methodology. The glucose oxidase–peroxidase and cholesterol oxidase–cholesterol peroxidase methods were used to measure plasma glucose and serum cholesterol, respectively. Bivariate analysis was followed by multivariate analysis to detect the odds of getting hypertension with various risk factors for the urban and rural populations separately. Hypertension was defined as per Joint National Committee (JNC) - VII criteria.Results:The response rate was 97%. Overall prevalence of hypertension was 17%, with 21.4% in the urban population and 14.8% in the rural population. Significantly higher mean values of weight, height, body mass index (BMI), hip circumference (HC), waist circumference (WC), waist hip ratio (WHR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), and serum cholesterol levels were mapped in the urban population in comparison with the rural population. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified increasing age, parental history of hypertension, tobacco smoking, tobacco chewing, physical inactivity, high estimated per capita salt consumption, and BMI ≥27.5 kg/m2 as independent predictors for hypertension in the urban population, while in the rural population, increasing age, physical inactivity, central obesity, tobacco chewing and tobacco smoking were independent predictors for hypertension.Conclusion:The prevalence of hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors was high in both urban and rural communities. Therefore, there is a need for comprehensive health promotion programs to encourage lifestyle modification.

An epidemiological study of prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors among non migratory tribal population of Mawai block of Mandla district of central India

“…18 Hypertension prevalence was similar in pure veg and mixed diet taking individuals in this study, similar result were found by Bhadoria et al in rural and urban population who found no significant effect of vegetarian diet and mixed diet on hypertension. 27 Similar findings was also observed by Radhakrishnan et al among tribals of Tamil Nadu. 20 In this study family history was significantly associated with hypertension.…”

A cross-sectional study on prevalence of hypertension and risk factors associated with hypertension in a rural area of North Kerala

“…[5,6] Age more than 45 years was associated with risk of HTN in our study which was similar to other studies. [6,9] Alcohol intake and tobacco usage were not associated in our study with HTN which was very much contrast to other studies.…”

“…[5,12,13] A few studies conducted in rural areas of Jaipur by Kumar et al in Central India by Bhadoria et al in rural Delhi by Kishore et al and in Maharashtra by Todkar et al found a prevalence of HTN as 13.17%, 14.8%, 14.1% and 7.24%, respectively, which were very much lower compared to our study. [6,7,9,14] This increase in the prevalence of HTN was may be due to rural population changing their traditional lifestyle to urban lifestyle.…”

“…[4] The prevalence of HTN among the rural population is increasing at an alarming rate due to change in dietary patterns and lifestyle. According to few studies conducted in rural and urban parts of India, risk factors associated with HTN were smoking, overweight, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, diabetes, and family history [5][6][7][8][9] Due to inadequate access to health-care facilities at rural areas, the early screening and treatment of HTN are not done regularly, so we conducted this study with an objective to determine the prevalence of HTN and risk factors associated with it in a rural community of North Kerala.…”

Determinants of hypertension among urban adult population in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu

“…Among the study subjects, 24.9% of them who were hypertensive were found to be either overweight or obese with an odds ratio of 1.4. Similar findings were seen in studies conducted by and Bhadoria et al and Galav et al 14,24 As the individual tends to gain more weight, greater is the risk of increasing blood pressure. Central obesity is one of the direct correlates of high blood pressure.…”