Prevalence of Human Sapovirus in Low and Middle Income Countries

Abstract

Background Sapovirus (SV) infection is a public health concern which plays an important role in the burden of diarrhoeal diseases, causing acute gastroenteritis in people of all ages in both outbreaks and sporadic cases worldwide. Objective/Study Design The purpose of this report is to summarise the available data on the detection of human SV in low and middle income countries. A systematic search on PubMed and ScienceDirect database for SV studies published between 2004 and 2017 in low and middle income countries was done. Studies of SV in stool and water samples were part of the inclusion criteria. Results From 19 low and middle income countries, 45 published studies were identified. The prevalence rate for SV was 6.5%. A significant difference (P=0) in SV prevalent rate was observed between low income and middle income countries. Thirty-three (78.6%) of the studies reported on children and 8 (19%) studies reported on all age groups with diarrhoea. The majority (66.7%) of studies reported on hospitalised patients with acute gastroenteritis. Sapovirus GI was shown as the dominant genogroup, followed by SV-GII. Conclusion The detection of human SV in low and middle income countries is evident; however the reports on its prevalence are limited. There is therefore a need for systematic surveillance of the circulation of SV, and their role in diarrhoeal disease and outbreaks, especially in low and middle income countries.

Genetic recombination and diversity of sapovirus in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand, 2010–2018

“…It was noticed that our study as well as other studies that had similar SaV prevalence used single round PCR as a screening method while other studies that reported higher SaV-positive rate performed real-time PCR for the screening process. Among different genogroups of SaV, the SaV GI (GI.1 and GI.2) and GII (GII.1 and GII.2) are the most predominant genogroups circulating worldwide while other genotypes are rarely detected in some particular countries (Diez-Valcarce et al, 2018;Magwalivha et al, 2018). Similar to other reports, SaV GI.1, GI.2, and GII.1 were the most common genotypes detected in our study.…”

“…Enteric caliciviruses including noroviruses and sapoviruses are the major causes of AGE of human in all age group worldwide (Khamrin et al, 2017;Lu et al, 2014;Neo et al, 2017;Sala et al, 2014). The detection rate of SaV infection in many countries around the world have been reported with a range from 0.2 to 39% in children and 2.2 to 15.6% in all age groups (Magwalivha et al, 2018;Oka et al, 2015;Varela et al, 2019). In Thailand, the prevalence of SaV was detected between 0% and 15.0% (Kumthip & Khamrin, 2018).…”

“…Sapovirus (SaV) is one of the important pathogens that cause outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in people of all ages worldwide (Torner et al, 2016). Prevalences of SaV infection have been reported between 0.2% and 39% in children with AGE (Magwalivha et al, 2018) and between 2.2% and 15.6% in all age groups (Oka et al, 2015;Varela et al, 2019). SaV belongs to genus Sapovirus of the Caliciviridae family.…”

“…Human SaV can be further divided into 18 genotypes (GI.1 to GI.7, GII.1 to GII.8, GIV.1, GV.1, and GV.2) (Kagning Tsinda et al, 2017;Liu et al, 2016;Oka et al, 2012;Oka et al, 2015;Xue et al, 2019) with one additional genotype of GII.NA that has been reported recently (Diez-Valcarce et al, 2019). Among these, SaV GI and GII are the most prevalent genogroups detected worldwide while other genogroups have been rarely detected (Magwalivha et al, 2018). Like noroviruses, several SaV recombinant strains of both intragenogroup and intergenogroup recombinations have been reported (Chanit et al, 2009;Lasure & Gopalkrishna, 2017;Liu et al, 2015).…”

Viral metagenomics reveals sapoviruses of different genogroups in stool samples from children with acute gastroenteritis in Jiangsu, China

“…Recently, studies have shown that infections with SAVs can result in hospitalization and severe dehydration [1][2][3]. SAVs have increasingly been detected in low-and middle-income countries [4], but unfortunately, no licensed vaccines or antivirals are available for SAV infections. SAVs are genetically diverse viruses that can be classified into several genogroups (GI to GV) [5], four of which (I, II, IV, and V) infect humans.…”