Prevalence of High Astigmatism in Children Aged 3 to 6 Years in Guangxi, China

Background: China has been undergoing dramatic economic development, accompanied by increased education load on the young children. This study is to investigate the prevalence, type, severity, and associated risk factors of astigmatism in school students in eastern China. Method: In this cross-sectional school-based study, students underwent refraction using NIDEK non-cycloplegic autorefractor. Astigmatism was defined as cylinder 1.5 diopter (D) or greater, and high astigmatism was defined as cylinder 3.0 D or greaterMultivariate regression models were used to determine factors associated with astigmatism. Results: Among 4801 children (55% male) with mean age (±standard deviation) 12.3 (±3.8) years, 680 (14.2, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 13.2-15.2%) had astigmatism (85% were with-the-rule) and 103 (2.2, 95% CI: 1.8-2.6%) had high astigmatism. The prevalence rate of astigmatism was 7-8% in grades 4 or below, 15-16% in grades 6-8, 20% in grade 9, and 20-25% in grade 10 or above. In multivariate analyses, higher grade and male gender were associated with higher prevalence of astigmatism (all p < 0.0001) and high astigmatism (p = 0.04 for grade, p = 0.001 for gender). When multivariate models were further adjusted by spherical equivalent, only gender remained statistically associated with astigmatism (odds ratio (OR) = 1.65, p < 0.0001) and high astigmatism (OR = 2.21, p = 0.0004), myopic and hyperopic refractive error were significantly associated with higher risk of astigmatism and high astigmatism (all p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Astigmatism is common in Chinese school-age children and increases with grade. Majority of astigmatism is with-the-rule. Male gender and myopic or hyperopic refractive error are significantly associated with higher prevalence and severity of astigmatism.

show abstract

“…It is well-known that prevalence of astigmatism varies with race and ethnicity [4,5,7,8]. Previous studies using [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Astigmatism in school students of eastern China: prevalence, type, severity and associated risk factors

Wang

Cheng

et al. 2020

BMC Ophthalmol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The majority of the amblyopic eyes (59.2%) were astigmatic. In a recent Chinese study (Xiao et al, 2011), 92% of amblyopic eyes were found to have clinically significant astigmatism. In another study by Lam et al (1991), 50% of the eyes had astigmatism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study of amblyopic children by Gupta et al (1973), 79% of the participants were found to have compound hyperopic astigmatism. In the Chinese study (Xiao et al, 2011), compound hyperopic astigmatism was determined to be the most common type of astigmatism (39%). In another classification of astigmatism, with the rule astigmatism was found as the most common types of astigmatism, as in another study by Xiao et al (2011).…”

Section: Sapkota K Et Al Prevalence Of Amblyopia and Patterns Of Refrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of amblyopia and patterns of refractive error in the amblyopic children of a tertiary eye care center of Nepal

2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction: Refractive error is a common cause of amblyopia. Objective: To determine prevalence of amblyopia and the pattern and the types of refractive error in children with amblyopia in a tertiary eye hospital of Nepal. Materials and methods: A retrospective chart review of children diagnosed with amblyopia in the Nepal Eye Hospital (NEH) from July 2006 to June 2011 was conducted. Children of age 13+ or who had any ocular pathology were excluded. Cycloplegic refraction and an ophthalmological examination was performed for all children. The pattern of refractive error and the association between types of refractive error and types of amblyopia were determined. Results: Amblyopia was found in 0.7 % (440) of 62,633 children examined in NEH during this period. All the amblyopic eyes of the subjects had refractive error. Fifty-six percent (248) of the patients were male and the mean age was 7.74 ± 2.97 years. Anisometropia was the most common cause of amblyopia (p < 0.001). One third (29 %) of the subjects had bilateral amblyopia due to high ametropia. Forty percent of eyes had severe amblyopia with visual acuity of 20/120 or worse. About twothirds (59.2 %) of the eyes had astigmatism. Conclusion: The prevalence of amblyopia in the Nepal Eye Hospital is 0.7%. Anisometropia is the most common cause of amblyopia. Astigmatism is the most common types of refractive error in amblyopic eyes.

show abstract

“…As shown in Table 4, the prevalence of refractive astigmatism was higher than corneal astigmatism in this age group, and WTR astigmatism was the predominant type. In our study and two studies in China (21,22), the prevalence of astigmatism was higher than Australian population (23). This is while inter-study differences in age were subtle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…The second most prevalent type was ATR in some studies (the present study and the study by Xiao et al (22)), and oblique in some other studies (10,21,23). Age-related astigmatism axis change has been reported in various populations; this has been attributed to decreased lid tension, corneal flattening and rotation of the horizontal axis to the vertical orientation (6,(28)(29)(30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Prevalence of Astigmatism in 4- to 6-Year-Old Population of Mashhad, Iran

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Astigmatism is a correctable cause of visual impairment in childhood. It increases the incidence of amblyopia in children. Objectives: In this report, we intended to describe the prevalence of the amount and axis of astigmatism, astigmatism components, and associations of astigmatism with age, gender and spherical equivalent in under six years old children through a population-based study. Patients and Methods:This report was a part of the cross-sectional Mashhad Eye Study in which 3675 of 4-6 years old children in Mashhad kindergartens were selected through random cluster sampling, of which, 3701 participated in the study (response rate: 98.3%). Refractive astigmatism was determined using a retinoscope (HEINE BETA-200, Germany) and defined as a cylinder power of more than 0.5 diopter (D). Corneal astigmatism was measured using Pentacam (Oculus Optikgerate GmbH, Germany). Results:The prevalence of refractive astigmatism of more than 0.5D in at least one eye was 51.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 50.7-52.1); 52.1% in girls and 50.7% in boys (P = 0.412). Prevalence of astigmatism decreased with age, but not statistically significant (odds ratio: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.87-1.07). Mean corneal astigmatism was 1.01 D (95% CI: 0.99-1.03); 1.00 D (95% CI: 0.98-1.02) and 1.02 D (95% CI: 1.00-1.04) in girls and boys, respectively (P = 0.243). Mean corneal astigmatism was not significantly different between different age groups (P = 0.410). Conclusions:The prevalence of astigmatism was high in children under six years old in this study, and to control amblyopia, it is necessary to consider astigmatism at younger ages.

show abstract

Prevalence of High Astigmatism in Children Aged 3 to 6 Years in Guangxi, China

Abstract: High astigmatism was moderately prevalent among children aged 3 to 6 years in Guangxi Province. With-the-rule astigmatism was the dominant form of astigmatism. Magnitude- and orientation-dependent correlations of astigmatism with visual acuity were confirmed.

Cited by 19 publications

References 43 publications

Astigmatism in school students of eastern China: prevalence, type, severity and associated risk factors

Astigmatism in school students of eastern China: prevalence, type, severity and associated risk factors

Prevalence of amblyopia and patterns of refractive error in the amblyopic children of a tertiary eye care center of Nepal

Prevalence of Astigmatism in 4- to 6-Year-Old Population of Mashhad, Iran

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About