Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Infection and its Associated Risk factors in Pregnant Women Visiting Hospitals of Southern Punjab

Abstract

Background: Hepatitis B and C infections remain formidable challenges to global health, with significant morbidity and mortality rates, especially among pregnant women. These infections pose substantial risks not only to the infected individuals but also to their unborn children, due to the potential for vertical transmission. In Pakistan, particularly in the Southern Punjab region, the prevalence and impact of these infections demand rigorous investigation to inform public health strategies. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of Hepatitis B and C infections among pregnant women visiting selected hospitals in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, and to identify associated risk factors, thereby contributing to the formulation of targeted intervention strategies. Methods: Employing an analytical cross-sectional design, this study involved 422 pregnant women from the outpatient departments of Gynecology at Nishtar Hospital, Shahbaz Sharif Hospital in Multan, and Bismillah Medical Complex in Kahror Pacca, between December 1, 2023, and March 5, 2024. Participants were selected using a convenience sampling technique. Data on demographic characteristics and potential risk factors were collected through a structured questionnaire. Hepatitis B and C seropositivity was determined through specific serological tests. The analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, focusing on the prevalence rates and the identification of major and minor risk factors for the transmission of Hepatitis B and C. Results: The study found an 8.3% prevalence rate for Anti-HCV and a 5.2% prevalence rate for HBsAg among the participants. Notable risk factors included ear or nose piercings, history of blood transfusions, and previous cesarean sections. Socio-demographic analysis revealed higher rates of infection among participants with lower educational levels, those residing in rural areas, and among certain age groups and parity statuses. Conclusion: The observed prevalence rates of Hepatitis B and C infections among pregnant women in Southern Punjab highlight the critical need for enhanced screening programs, targeted vaccination initiatives, and comprehensive education campaigns to mitigate the risk of vertical transmission and reduce the burden of these infections.