Prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection among sewage workers in Georgia

Venczel, Linda; Brown, Stuart T.; Frumkin, Howard; Simmonds-Diaz, Jorge; Deitchman, Scott; Bell, Beth P.

doi:10.1002/ajim.10174

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Nevertheless, a low education level and a low rate of water supply are understood as risk factors for hepatitis A infection [11]. In addition, the results of this study indicate that the contraction rate of hepatitis A increases with population density, which matches previous research results [25,26]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Pattern of Hepatitis A Incidence According to Area Characteristics Using National Health Insurance Data

Seo

Kim

et al. 2012

J Prev Med Public Health

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Objectives Over the past several years, the incidence of hepatitis A infection has been increasing rapidly in the young-adult population in Korea. We examined the effects of area-level socioeconomic status and environmental hygiene on the incidence of hepatitis A. Methods This study is based on the registered national population of Korea and the national health insurance data from 2004 to 2008. A total of 73 459 individuals were confirmed to have had hepatitis A. The standardized incidences of hepatitis A in 232 districts adjusted for sex and age of people were calculated for each year, and the rate ratios of the incidence rates were estimated according to area-level socioeconomic status and environmental hygiene using multiple Poisson regression models. Results The incidence rates of hepatitis A infection were 15.6 (per 100 000) in 2004, 19.0 (per 100 000) in 2005, 27.2 (per 100 000) in 2006, 25.1 (per 100 000) in 2007, and 61.7 (per 100 000) in 2008. The analysis of the area-level effects showed that residential areas of the less deprived than other regions, areas with higher levels of education, and heavily populated areas were significantly associated with increased risk. Conclusions There is a very strong possibility that both area-level socioeconomic status and environmental hygiene play a role in increasing the risk of hepatitis A infection in Korea. Therefore, to reduce hepatitis A infection, we need a nationwide strategy that considers these area-level characteristics.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Pattern of Hepatitis A Incidence According to Area Characteristics Using National Health Insurance Data

Seo

Kim

et al. 2012

J Prev Med Public Health

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“…Previous studies found that highly-educated adults, or adults with highly-educated mothers, were less likely to be immune and were therefore more prone to symptomatic infections (13, 20-24). The HAV-infected subjects in our study were better educated than the control which suggests that they may have grown up in more sanitary environments with less exposure to HAV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Acute Hepatitis A Infection in Korea in 2007 and 2009: A Case-Control Study

Seo

Choi

et al. 2013

J Korean Med Sci

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This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in the Korean population. Participants were recruited from five referral hospitals across the country in 2007 and from 11 hospitals in 2009. Patients with positive anti-HAV IgM antibody tests became the case group, while patients treated for non-contagious diseases at the same hospitals were recruited as controls. A total of 222 and 548 case-control pairs were studied in the 2007 and 2009 surveys, respectively. Data from the surveys were analyzed jointly. In a multivariate analysis, sharing the household with HAV-infected family members (OR, 6.32; 95% CI, 1.4-29.6), contact with other HAV-infected individuals (OR, 4.73; 95% CI, 2.4-9.4), overseas travel in 2007 (OR, 19.93; 95% CI, 2.3-174.4), consumption of raw shellfish (OR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.8-3.5), drinking bottled water (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.3-8.4), and occupation that involve handling food (OR, 3.30; 95% CI, 1.3-8.4) increased the risk of HAV infection. Avoiding contact with HAV-infected individuals and avoiding raw foods eating could help minimize the risk of hepatitis A infection. Immunization must be beneficial to individuals who handle food ingredients occupationally or travel overseas to HAV-endemic areas.

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“…Wastewater processed at treatment plants could be a source of human infection with pathogens including Giardia lamblia, hepatitis A virus, Legionella pneumophila, and Ascaris lumbricoides [Palmer et al, 1995;Baggi et al, 2001;Nelson and Darby, 2001;Caccio et al, 2003]. Despite a few cross-sectional studies reporting an increased hepatitis A virus seropositivity among wastewater treatment workers [Cadilhac and RoudotThoraval, 1996;Brugha et al, 1998], a historical prospective study and cross-sectional studies of clinical hepatitis A did not demonstrate a higher incidence in workers exposed to wastewater, suggesting that wastewater workers are not at higher risk of contracting clinical hepatitis A [Lerman et al, 1999;Glas et al, 2001;Venczel et al, 2003]. The risk of other infectious or parasitic diseases like leptospirosis, roundworm infection, and giardiasis was investigated by determining antibody levels or parasitologic examinations of stool samples [Clark et al, 1976[Clark et al, , 1984.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Endotoxin exposure and symptoms in wastewater treatment workers

2005

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Prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection among sewage workers in Georgia

Abstract: These results are consistent with no or a small increased risk of hepatitis A among WW workers, and do not provide a clear mandate for hepatitis A vaccination of these workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43: 172-178, 2003.

Cited by 25 publications

References 21 publications

Pattern of Hepatitis A Incidence According to Area Characteristics Using National Health Insurance Data

Pattern of Hepatitis A Incidence According to Area Characteristics Using National Health Insurance Data

Risk Factors for Acute Hepatitis A Infection in Korea in 2007 and 2009: A Case-Control Study

Endotoxin exposure and symptoms in wastewater treatment workers

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