Prevalence of habitual refractive errors and anisometropia among Dutch schoolchildren and hospital employees

Hendricks, Theo J W; Brabander, John de; Vankan-Hendricks, Marlou H P; Horst, F. G. van der; Hendrikse, Fred; Knottnerus, J. A.

doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01251.x

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…It has been reported a prevalence of myopia of 11.6% for children aged 5 to 17 years and 20% for children aged 12 years and increased to 33% for those aged ≥ 20 years (46)(47)(48), and in study on 2353 Austeralian students aged 11-15-years old, the prevalence of myopia was 4.6% and this amount was 6.1% among European Caucasian and Middle Eastern children respectively, whereas prevalence of myopia was 31.5% among South Asian children (49). Similar to our findings, the increasing prevalence of myopia with age was observed in the population-based studies in some countries such as Taiwan (5), Australia (6), Singapore (7), Malaysia (13), and Indonesia (50). The prevalence of myopia and high myopia in our study was 66.2% and 4.65%, respectively, which significantly increased with age (from 32.96% in 7-yearold children to 79.02 in 18-year-old ones).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Refractive Errors in School-age Children in Qazvin, Iran

Khalaj¹,

Amiri²,

Zeidi³

et al. 2014

Biotech Health Sci

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Background:Refractive error remains one of the primary causes of visual impairment among school children all over the world, and its prevalence varies widely. Objectives: The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence of refractive errors in school children aged 7 to 18 years in Qazvin, Iran. Patients and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 11821 students (aged 7 to 18 years) were recruited from different schools. Emmetropia was defined as refractive status between +0.25 and -0.25 D sphere. A -0.50 D or greater spherical considered as myopia, -6.00 D or more as high myopia, and +0.50 D or more as hyperopia, and a cylinder refraction greater than 0.75 D was defined as astigmatism. Visual acuity and refraction of all students were tested. Anterior and posterior segment examination and ocular motility evaluation were also performed to rule out the pathological causes of visual impairments. Results:The study was performed on 5641 (47.72%) male and 6180 (52.28%) female students. The prevalence of myopia (from 32.96% at the age of 7 to 79.02% at the age of 18 years) significantly increased (P < 0.001), and hyperopia significantly decreased (from 47.07% in 7-year-old individuals to 8.32% in 18-year-old subjects) with age (P < 0.001). There were significant differences in refractive errors between males and females. Hyperopia and myopia was more common among female in comparison to males (P < 0.001). Astigmatism greater than 0.75 D in one or both eyes was found in 990 children (8.37%). Astigmatism increased from 6.04% in 7-year-old students to 9.86% in 15-year-oldstudents e and then no more difference was found in age group ranged from 15 to 18 years. Conclusions: Based on our study, the prevalence of myopia is more than other types of refractive error, which is similar to that reported in previous studies on other school-age populations in some Asian countries. The high prevalence of refractive error among school-age children indicated that untreated refractive error is one of the most common public health problems.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Refractive Errors in School-age Children in Qazvin, Iran

Khalaj¹,

Amiri²,

Zeidi³

et al. 2014

Biotech Health Sci

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“…Several studies have found an increased prevalence as a function of age in the teenage years apparently mirroring the increase in myopia prevalence (e.g. Hirsch, 1967; Hendricks et al, 2009; Lin et al, 1999; but see Czepita et al, 2005). …”

Section: Prevalencementioning

confidence: 97%

The relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia

Barrett

Bradley

Candy

2013

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

140

121

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This review aims to disentangle cause and effect in the relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia. Specifically, we examine the literature for evidence to support different possible developmental sequences that could ultimately lead to the presentation of both conditions. The prevalence of anisometropia is around 20% for an inter-ocular difference of 0.5D or greater in spherical equivalent refraction, falling to 2-3%, for an inter-ocular difference of 3D or above. Anisometropia prevalence is relatively high in the weeks following birth, in the teenage years coinciding with the onset of myopia and, most notably, in older adults starting after the onset of presbyopia. It has about one-third the prevalence of bilateral refractive errors of the same magnitude. Importantly, the prevalence of anisometropia is higher in highly ametropic groups, suggesting that emmetropization failures underlying ametropia and anisometropia may be similar. Amblyopia is present in 1-3% of humans and around one-half to two-thirds of amblyopes have anisometropia either alone or in combination with strabismus. The frequent co-existence of amblyopia and anisometropia at a child’s first clinical examination promotes the belief that the anisometropia has caused the amblyopia, as has been demonstrated in animal models of the condition. In reviewing the human and monkey literature however it is clear that there are additional paths beyond this classic hypothesis to the co-occurrence of anisometropia and amblyopia. For example, after amblyopia secondary to either deprivation or strabismus has emerged, anisometropia often follows. In cases of anisometropia with no apparent deprivation or strabismus, questions remain about the failure of the emmetropization mechanism that routinely eliminates infantile anisometropia. Also, the chronology of amblyopia development is poorly documented in cases of ‘pure’ anisometropic amblyopia. Although indirect, the therapeutic impact of refractive correction on anisometropic amblyopia provides strong support for the hypothesis that the anisometropia caused the amblyopia. Direct evidence for the aetiology of anisometropic amblyopia will require longitudinal tracking of at-risk infants, which poses numerous methodological challenges. However, if we are to prevent this condition, we must understand the factors that cause it to develop.

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“…6,7 Anisometropia, the difference in the refractive errors between the eyes, is believed to be an important factor for developing amblyopia. Habitual anisometropia with more than 1.00 D was reported to be common; 8 however, high anisometropia is rare. High degrees of anisometropia cause disparity in image size between the two eyes of anisometropia (aniseikonia) and it has traditionally been believed that anisometropia of more than 3.5 D inhibits fusion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The ocular biometric and corneal topographic characteristics of high-anisometropic adults in Taiwan

Kuo

Shen

Sheu

2011

Journal of the Chinese Medical Association

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The anterior chamber depth is deeper, axial length is longer, and thinnest corneal thickness is thicker in the more myopic/less hyperopic eye of high-anisometropic patients. Anisometropic eyes provide the chance to understand the biometric changes of eyeball with different refractive statuses in the same person. Such information is helpful for us to calculate the intraocular lenses power in cataract surgery and to do the surgical planning for corneal refractive surgery in eyes of different refractive power.

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Prevalence of habitual refractive errors and anisometropia among Dutch schoolchildren and hospital employees

Cited by 20 publications

References 30 publications

Refractive Errors in School-age Children in Qazvin, Iran

Refractive Errors in School-age Children in Qazvin, Iran

The relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia

The ocular biometric and corneal topographic characteristics of high-anisometropic adults in Taiwan

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