Prevalence of Goiter Disease to the Human Population of District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Abstract

Background: Goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, continues to be a significant global health issue, affecting approximately ten million people worldwide. The prevalence of goiter is notably influenced by geographical and environmental factors, such as soil iodine content, especially in hilly terrains. Prior research has indicated a gender and age-related predisposition to the condition, with varied prevalence across different regions. Objective: This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence and demographic distribution of goiter in District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and to compare these findings with data from other regions to better understand the condition's epidemiological characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2021 to September 2022. A total of 280 patients from six tehsils within District Buner were investigated through questionnaires and medical examinations by healthcare professionals. Data collection occurred weekly across multiple healthcare facilities, including medical centers, rural health centers, and the District Headquarters Hospital in Buner. Results: Out of 280 patients, 78% were females, indicating a higher prevalence among women. The highest prevalence among males (33%) was recorded at 70 years of age, while for females, it peaked (86%) at 50 years. The majority of cases belonged to the age group of 30-60 years. Multinodular goiter was the most common type observed. The data also reflected a higher incidence of goiter in hilly regions compared to plain areas, likely due to iodine deficiency. Conclusion: The study confirmed that goiter is more prevalent among females and tends to increase with age. The high incidence in hilly areas supports the association with low soil iodine content. This research underscores the need for targeted public health strategies, including iodine supplementation and education, particularly in at-risk areas.