Prevalence of geophagia and its contributing factors among pregnant women at Dr. George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Pretoria

Abstract

Abstract:Introduction: Geophagia is very common among pregnant women, particularly in Africa. There are many reasons given for geophagia such as cultural, medicinal and religious, making it an acceptable norm regardless of health risks involved. Objectives: The study explored prevalence and factors influencing geophagia among women visiting an antenatal clinic in Pretoria. Methods: A quantitative survey was done on a convenience sample of 597 pregnant women and structured interviews conducted. Statistical analysis was done using simple percentage and interview data analyzed using Epi Info statistical software. Results: Geophagia was reported by 54.0% of the women (n=323) and of these, 75.2% (n=243) ate at least 3 teaspoons per day. Reasons for the practice ranged from simple unexplained craving to belief that soil acts as an iron supplement. The study revealed that education levels did not act as a contributing factor as both literate and illiterate women were consumers. Partners of consumers played a key role in influencing the practice as most consumers were not married. Conclusion: Geophagia is practiced by a considerable proportion of pregnant women in this area. Greater vigilance may be needed as part of the antenatal classes to avoid potentially harmful effects of the habit.

Practices of pica among pregnant women in a tertiary healthcare facility in Ghana

“…Another study also conducted among pregnant women in Tanzania showed that 45.6% practised geophagy with 54.8% initiating the practice in the first trimester (Nyanza et al, ). A hospital‐based study in South Africa also reported 54.0% pica practice among pregnant women (Macheka et al, ).…”

“…It is important that pregnant women are educated on sources of nutrition and its effect on the foetus as well as the harmful effect of pica substances taken by pregnant women. Macheka, Olowoyo, Matsela, and Khine () reported on the prevalence of geophagia and its contributing factors among pregnant women. In that study, respondent believed that geophagia (eating clay or soil) has some health benefits.…”

“…The general need to satisfy craving or sensory, perceptual needs largely are the reasons for the use of pica in pregnancy. Macheka et al () stated that one of the key reasons for soil consumption among the pregnant women was the cravings due to taste, texture and smell, especially before the rains. Most pregnant women (63.3%) perceived that eating pica is harmful.…”

Not a Common Rectosigmoid Perforation

“…Two cases had a history of mud intake whereas the third case had a history of eating pebbles. Macheka, et al studied the prevalence and factors leading to geophagia in pregnant women in Pretoria, South Africa [ 5 ]. In their study of 597 pregnant women, 54% (n = 323) were documented with geophagia.…”

Potential health risk assessment of toxic metals contamination in clay eaten as pica (geophagia) among pregnant women of Ho in the Volta Region of Ghana.

“…et al, 2016[18], Meel, 2012[19], Mensah et al,[2] and Nkansah et al,[25] have pointed to varied health problems associated with its consumption. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the potential health risk associated with clay prepared for consumption as pica from Anfoega by pregnant women in the Volta Region of Ghana as well as people from immediate neighboring countries Togo, Benin, Burkina Faso etc.…”