Prevalence of Gallbladder Sludge in Dogs as Assessed by Ultrasonography

Brömel, Catharina; Barthez, Paul Y.; Léveillé, Renée; Scrivani, Peter V.

doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.1998.tb00341.x

Cited by 45 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The relatively filled status of the gall bladders may be explained by the overnight preanesthetic fasting of the animals. As only two of the 21 cheetahs (9.5%) had hyperechoic “sludge” in the dependent aspect of the gall bladder, this may indicate that the normal captive‐bred cheetah has a low incidence of gall bladder sludge, in contrast to the incidence of ultrasonographically evaluated sludge in 30 healthy dogs being 53%, decidedly higher than in this study 30 …”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE LIVER, SPLEEN, AND URINARY TRACT OF THE CHEETAH (ACINONYX JUBATUS)

Carstens

Kirberger

Spotswood

et al. 2006

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Diseases of the abdomen of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) include those affecting the liver, spleen, and urinary tract. The most common diseases of captive-bred cheetah are gastritis, gastric ulceration, glomerulosclerosis, and hepatic veno-occlusive disease, and are the most frequent causes of mortality in these animals. The purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic anatomy of the normal liver, spleen, kidney, and urinary bladder of the anesthetized captive-bred cheetah. Twenty-one cheetahs were examined. Eight of the 21 animals had subclinical evidence of either gastritis or chronic renal disease. The ultrasonographic appearances of the liver, gall bladder, common bile duct, and spleen were evaluated and various measurements made. Statistical analyses of the measurements were performed on all the healthy and subclinically ill animals taking sex, age, mass, and anesthetic protocol into account. There were no significant differences in any parameters between the healthy and subclinically ill animals (P > 0.25) and data were combined for statistical analyses. The mean mass was 41.1kg ( +/- 8.8) and the mean age was 5.0 years (+/- 2.2). The mean thickness of the liver medial to the gall bladder was 67.0 mm (+/- 14.8) and the liver was within the left costal arch in 75% of animals, extended caudal to the right costal arch in 50% of animals for an average of 30 mm, and extended caudal to the sternum in 63% of animals for an average of 32.5 mm. The maximum mean hepatic vein diameter at the entrance to the caudal vena cava was 8.6 +/- 2.8 mm; the mean diameters of the portal vein at the hilus and that of the caudal vena cava as it entered the liver were 7.5 +/- 1.6 and 9.9 +/- 4.1 mm, respectively. The mean diameter of the caudal vena cava was significantly affected by the type of anesthetic used (P < 0.10). The mass of the animals was significant in explaining the variance in maximum portal vein diameters (P < 0.10). The mean maximum velocity of the hepatic vein flow at the entrance to the caudal vena cava was 25.3 +/- 2.8 cm/s (n=4), the hilar portal vein was 11.7 +/- 3.3 cm/s (n=7), and the caudal vena cava was 33.8 +/- 19.8 cm/s (n=5). The mean maximum gall bladder length and width, and the mean common bile duct diameters were 44.6 mm (+/- 10.4), 23.3 mm (+/- 5.0), and 8.1 mm (+/- 2.4), respectively. Age was significant in explaining the variance in gall bladder lengths (P<0.10). Urinary tract ultrasonography was performed only in animals that had normal urea and creatinine levels (n=13). Renal cortico-medullary distinction was present in all kidneys and a cortico-medullary rim sign was seen in 21 of 26 kidneys. Mean kidney length, height, and width was 63.9 +/- 5.7, 38.1 +/- 5.2, and 42.1 +/- 5 mm, respectively. The average resistivity index was 0.58 (n=5). Mean urinary bladder length, height, and width were 57.0, 19.2, and 34.9 mm, respectively.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE LIVER, SPLEEN, AND URINARY TRACT OF THE CHEETAH (ACINONYX JUBATUS)

Carstens

Kirberger

Spotswood

et al. 2006

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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“…This finding is in agreement with previous reports that state gall bladder ultrasound is not sensitive to the diagnosis of cholecystitis (Spaulding 1993, Rivers and others 1997). The presence of gall bladder sludge was noted in three of the four cases reported; however, this has been reported to occur in normal dogs and is thought to be of little clinical significance (Bromel and others 1998). Only one of the two previously reported cases of cholangiohepatitis had had liver ultrasound (Forrester and other 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Bacterial cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis with or without concurrent cholecystitis in four dogs

O’Neill

Day

Hall

et al. 2006

J of Small Animal Practice

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“…More specific abnormalities identified included choleliths, mucoceles, and free abdominal fluid. Gallbladder sludge has been reported to occur in normal animals, although its clinical significance is debated . In addition, distension of the gallbladder is a subjective finding that was not clearly quantified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Cholangitis, Cholecystitis, or both in Dogs

Tamborini

Jahns

McAllister

et al. 2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundBacterial cholangitis and cholecystitis are rarely reported, poorly characterized diseases in the dog.ObjectivesTo characterize the clinical features of these conditions.AnimalsTwenty‐seven client‐owned dogs with bacterial cholangitis, cholecystitis, or both.MethodsMulticenter, retrospective cases series of dogs with bacterial cholangitis, cholecystitis, or both, presenting January 2000 to June 2011 to 4 Veterinary Schools in Ireland/United Kingdom. Interrogation of hospital databases identified all cases with the inclusion criteria; histopathologically confirmed cholangitis or cholecystitis and bile culture/cytology results supporting a bacterial etiology.ResultsTwenty‐seven dogs met the inclusion criteria with approximately 460 hepatitis cases documented over the same study period. Typical clinical pathology findings were increases in liver enzyme activities (25/26), hyperbilirubinemia (20/26), and an inflammatory leukogram (21/24). Ultrasound findings, although nonspecific, aided decision‐making in 25/26 cases. The most frequent hepatobiliary bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli (n = 17; 16 cases), Enterococcus spp. (n = 8; 6 cases), and Clostridium spp. (n = 5; 5 cases). Antimicrobial resistance was an important feature of aerobic isolates; 10/16 E. coli isolates resistant to 3 or more antimicrobial classes. Biliary tract rupture complicated nearly one third of cases, associated with significant mortality (4/8). Discharged dogs had a guarded to fair prognosis; 17/18 alive at 2 months, although 5/10 re‐evaluated had persistent liver enzyme elevation 2–12 months later.Conclusion and Clinical SignificanceBacterial cholangitis and cholecystitis occur more frequently than suggested by current literature and should be considered in dogs presenting with jaundice and fever, abdominal pain, or an inflammatory leukogram or with ultrasonographic evidence of gallbladder abnormalities.

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Prevalence of Gallbladder Sludge in Dogs as Assessed by Ultrasonography

Cited by 45 publications

References 29 publications

ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE LIVER, SPLEEN, AND URINARY TRACT OF THE CHEETAH (ACINONYX JUBATUS)

ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE LIVER, SPLEEN, AND URINARY TRACT OF THE CHEETAH (ACINONYX JUBATUS)

Bacterial cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis with or without concurrent cholecystitis in four dogs

Bacterial Cholangitis, Cholecystitis, or both in Dogs

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