Prevalence of Flat Foot in Preschool-Aged Children

Pfeiffer, Martin; Kotz, R.; Ledl, Thomas; Hauser, Gertrude; Sluga, Maria

doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2126

Cited by 433 publications

(428 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…*= Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Pfeiffer et al (2006) showed that 3 variables had a significant relationship to the prevalence of flexible flat foot: age, sex, and weight but in these study no significant difference between female and male. Morrison et al (2007) indicated that differences in foot length, forefoot width, and navicular height were presented in children of excessive body mass compared with those of normal body mass.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Effects of Anthropometric Factors on Foot Size in Normal Preschool Children of Iran

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY:The growth pattern of children is affected by anthropometric dimensions. This study was aimed to investigate anthropometric factors related to growth of preschool children of a sample population in Iran. This study was performed in year 2011 on 1320 of 4-7 years old preschool children in Arak. To classify, body mass index (BMI), height and weight were recorded. The four contact points (head, back, buttocks, and heels) were maintained against the spine of the stadiometer during measurement. The head was positioned in the Frankfurt plane, and the sliding bar was lowered the crown of the head. Height was measured and recorded by the researchers. A pair of manual calibrated Seca scales was used to measure body mass in kilograms. The participants were least dressed in the uniform. We have classified BMI to four groups as group1, BMI with 10.75-15 and group 2, 3, 4 with 15.1-17 and 17.1-20, 20.1-22.5, respectively. Foot length was recorded as the distance from the posterior aspect of the heel to the most distal aspect of the longest toe. Foot length was measured with subjects standing upright using a foot board, a plastic device with calibrated lineation (in centimeters and millimeters). Analysis showed that sex neither affect on BMI nor foot measurements. The present findings contribute to the understanding of the effect of body mass on the structural development of the pediatric foot and musculoskeletal system. Excessive body mass seems to lead to increased foot length and width.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Effects of Anthropometric Factors on Foot Size in Normal Preschool Children of Iran

et al. 2015

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“…Many maintain that most asymptomatic flat feet do not need any treatment 7,8) ; however, there may are many possible results of neglected flat feet 9) . Staheli 10) mentioned that flat feet were normal or physiological in infants, children, and some adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Plantar Foot Pressure and COP between Flat and Normal Feet During Walking

et al. 2011

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Abstract.[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the peak plantar foot pressure and the pathway of the center of pressure (COP) between normal and flat feet. [Subjects and Methods] Nineteen subjects (10 normal feet, 9 flat feet) participated in this study. Plantar foot pressure was recorded by the Matscan system (Tekscan, Boston, USA) while walking upright. Plantar foot surface was divided into seven regions for pressure measurement: two toe regions, three forefoot regions, one midfoot region, and one heel region. The independent t-test was used to compare plantar foot pressures between normal adults and patients with flat feet. The pathway of COP in normal and flat feet was observed macroscopically.[Results] The plantar foot pressures of the 4th-5th metatarsal head and heel regions in the flat feet group were less than those of the normal feet group. The pathway of COP of normal feet group had a tendency to shift medially in the forefoot but the pathway of COP in the flat feet group had a tendency to be straight in the forefoot.[Conclusion] The results indicate that the plantar foot pressure of a flat foot was lower than that of a normal foot and the pathway of COP of a flat foot may be different from that of a normal foot. We believe that reduction of the longitudinal arch of foot in flat feet explains these results.

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“…Significant differences in prevalence of flat foot is also found in overweight, obese, and normal-weight children and boys showed a significantly greater tendency for flat foot than girls [6]. It seems that different variables such as age, weight and gender may influence the prevalence rates when the subject's feet are examined in static, mainly standing positions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…This classification could be described by OPS measurement methods. Pfeiffer et al [6], reported a prevalence of 44% in a group of 835 (411 girls and 424 boys) children of 3 to 6 years old (52% in boys and 36% in girls). They used a three-dimensional laser surface scanner with the subjects in a standing position.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“Optic Ped Scan”: an alternative inexpensive technique to study plantar arches and foot pressure sites

Fard¹,

Fard²

2011

Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements XV

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Early diagnosis and management of foot arch abnormalities would reduce future complications. Conventional, mainly non-objective clinical examinations were not evidence based and somehow due to expert ideas with high inter rater differences. In new Pedscope we made the Optic Ped Scan (OPS), patient stand on a Resin made 5-10 mm Plexiglass while the image of the whole plantar surface was digitally scanned, showing the pressure sites in different colours based on a Ratio-Metric Scale. Any off-line measurement or relative pressure ratios could be easily studied. The outcome of the OPS is an image file resulting from the subject's body weight on emptying the capillaries of plantar skin which causes the colours to change. These physiological changes of plantar colour could be amplified when passing though the clear, hardly elastic form of plexiglass (Acrylic or methyl methacrylate Resin or Poly methyl 2-methylpropenoate -PMMA), we prepared in Arak Petrochemical Company. We studied 2007, school age students as a pilot study of the technique in Arak schools and measured: Foot Length, Axis Length, Heel Expanse, Mid-foot Expanse, Forefoot Expanse, Arch Length (medial), Arch Depth, Hallux Distance and relative pressures of 10 defined zones.Students had 28.15% Flat Foot, 1.54% Pes Cavus, 11.01% Hallux Valgus, 0.64% Hallux Varus, 0.04% Convexus and 0.04% complex/various deformities. OPS worked properly for both diagnosis and measurements. The new technique could be several times cheaper than other techniques.

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Prevalence of Flat Foot in Preschool-Aged Children

Cited by 433 publications

References 16 publications

Effects of Anthropometric Factors on Foot Size in Normal Preschool Children of Iran

Effects of Anthropometric Factors on Foot Size in Normal Preschool Children of Iran

Differences in Plantar Foot Pressure and COP between Flat and Normal Feet During Walking

“Optic Ped Scan”: an alternative inexpensive technique to study plantar arches and foot pressure sites

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