Prevalence of elevated milk β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in Holstein cows measured by Fourier-transform infrared analysis in Dairy Herd Improvement milk samples and association with milk yield and components

Santschi, D.E.; Lacroix, René; Durocher, J.; Duplessis, M.; Moore, Robert K.; Lefebvre, Daniel

doi:10.3168/jds.2016-11128

Cited by 66 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…These thresholds seem to be reliable values for classifying the cows at high or low risk for developing ketosis. The prevalence of 22.6 % revealed in the study of Santschi et al [43] is similar to former studies that used the gold standard and measured BHB in the blood.…”

Section: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopysupporting

confidence: 87%

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Herd health monitoring in dairy farms – discover metabolic diseases. An overview

Gruber

Mansfeld

2019

Tierarztl Prax Ausg G

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The transition period, 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after calving, is inevitably accompanied by a negative energy balance, which sometimes causes metabolic disturbances, such as ketosis. Subclinical ketosis (SCK) is defined as an increase in the β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration to ≥ 1.2 mmol/l in the blood. According to a recent study, a value of ≥ 0.7 mmol/l of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the blood indicates the potential development of the poor metabolic adaption syndrome (PMAS). With a herd prevalence of 21 %, and an incidence of approximately 40 % within the first 2 weeks after calving, SCK is a relevant herd health problem. The milk yield decreases in the first 2 weeks postpartum by 3–5.3 kg/d for each ketotic cow, and the total milk reduction through the whole lactation period of 305 days averages 112 kg (SD 89 kg). Although the cow does not display any clinical signs of ketosis at this stage, the risk of developing associated production diseases like retained placenta, metritis, displaced abomasum, lameness and clinical ketosis increases and the expected performance in terms of milk production will decrease. The herd health status deteriorates and the risk for early culling increases. Another impact factor is the financial aspect, which includes costs for early death, reduced milk production, reproduction losses, and associated production diseases. In the literature, the calculated costs per SCK case vary between $ 78 and $ 289. The gold standard diagnostic test for SCK is the photometric measurement of BHB in blood. This method is accurate, but results are delayed due to the required laboratory analysis. There are also some rapid cow-side tests, i. e. urine or milk strip tests available to identify ketotic cows. The common disadvantage of these methods is that they are not suitable for herd health monitoring because of the need to collect samples from each cow manually and the high rates of false negative results. However, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is suitable for herd health monitoring. It is already being used for the analysis of milk composition. This inexpensive, rapid and simple technique has a specificity of 83.8 % and a sensitivity of 82.4 %. Therefore, FTIR is an early and easy method for detecting ketotic cows, that could help reduce financial and performance losses associated with ketosis.

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Section: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopysupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Santschi et al [43] published a long-term study over 4 years with almost 500000 monthly collected samples. They tried to establish a routine FTIR-spectroscopy based on monitoring within the frame of the monthly Dairy Herd Improvement program in Canada.…”

Section: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Herd health monitoring in dairy farms – discover metabolic diseases. An overview

Gruber

Mansfeld

2019

Tierarztl Prax Ausg G

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“…Many internal (e.g., parity, health status) and external (e.g., need for producing more milk, milk/price) factors will affect the producer's decision whether to cull a cow (Bell et al, 2010). The herds followed in this RCT were shown to have a relatively low prevalence of hyperketonemia in the early lactation (10.7% between 4 and 7 DIM and 19.4% between 8 and 17 DIM; Morin et al, 2018) compared with research conducted on 4,242 DHIA herds in the same Canadian region (25.8 and 34.6% during WIM 2 for parity 2 and 3 cows, respectively; Santschi et al, 2016). Culling reasons in the herds followed in the current study were, therefore, possibly less influenced by hyperketonemia and, instead, driven by other internal or external factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

A randomized controlled trial on the effect of incomplete milking during the first 5 days in milk on culling hazard and on milk production and composition of dairy cows

Krug

Morin

Lacasse

et al. 2018

Journal of Dairy Science

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An incomplete milking in early lactation could help limit negative energy balance in dairy cattle, but its potential effects on culling hazard and on milk production and composition throughout the entire lactation are unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an incomplete milking during the first 5 d in milk on culling hazard, milk weight, milk fat and protein concentrations, and energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield during the whole lactation. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 13 dairy farms near St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada. Approximately 1 mo before expected calving, Holstein multiparous cows calving between December 2013 and March 2015 (n = 846 cow lactations) were randomly assigned to a control or a treatment group. Cows in the control group were milked conventionally, whereas cows in the treatment group were submitted to an incomplete milking protocol (maximum of 10, 12, and 14 L/d of milk was collected on days in milk 1-3, 4, and 5, respectively). All farms were registered on Dairy Herd Improvement Association, which was used to obtain records on culling, monthly milk yield, and milk fat and protein concentrations. In addition, daily milk yield records were available for 6 farms. A Cox proportional hazards model with a herd frailty term was fitted to the data to compare culling hazard among treatment groups. Regarding milk production and composition, 4 linear mixed models with herd as a fixed effect, cow as a random effect, and using an autoregressive covariance structure were used to study the effect of the incomplete milking on (1) milk weight, (2) milk fat concentration, (3) milk protein concentration, and (4) ECM yield. Culling hazard did not differ among treatment groups (hazard ratio = 1.0; 95% CI = 0.82, 1.3). We observed no differences in milk weight, milk fat, or protein concentration among treatment groups between weeks in milk (WIM) 2 and 44 (the studied period). We noted a difference in ECM between treatment groups for WIM 38, with incompletely milked cows producing less milk than conventionally milked cows (-2.7 kg/d; 95% CI = -0.02, -5.2 kg/d), but no differences were found for any of the other WIM. These results suggest that this strategy for controlling the negative energy balance has negligible effect on cow productivity.

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“…Similarly to the established milk parameters discussed above, using MIR-predicted BHB and acetone values from the monthly milk control intervals is not suitable for monitoring individual cows. Reasonably, MIR-based parameters like BHB and acetone can give an estimation of the general metabolic status at a large herd level supporting the interpretation of milk gross composition compounds (Santschi et al, 2016). Therefore, the use of milk MIR spectral data for ketosis screening purposes is undoubtedly justified, but accuracy of data can be considerably improved by the combination with further biomarkers directly measured in milk (Overton et al, 2017).…”

Section: Novel Indicators In Milk For Assessing Metabolic Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Metabolic challenges in lactating dairy cows and their assessment via established and novel indicators in milk

Gross

Bruckmaier

2019

Animal

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The increasing lactational performance of dairy cows over the last few decades is closely related to higher nutritional requirements. The decrease in dry matter intake during the peripartal period results in a considerable mobilisation of body tissues (mainly fat reserves and muscle mass) to compensate for the prevailing lack of energy and nutrients. Despite the activation of adaptive mechanisms to mobilise nutrients from body tissues for maintenance and milk production, the increased metabolic load is still a risk factor for animal health. The prevalence of production diseases, particularly subclinical ketosis is high in the early lactation period. Increased β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations further depress gluconeogenesis, feed intake and the immune system. Despite a variety of adaptation responses to nutrient and energy deficit that exists among dairy cows, an early and non-invasive detection of developing metabolic disorders in milk samples would be useful. The frequent and regular milking process of dairy cows creates the ability to obtain samples at any stage of lactation. Routine identification of biomarkers accurately characterising the physiological status of an animal is crucial for decisive strategies. The present overview recapitulates established markers measured in milk that are associated with metabolic health of dairy cows. Specifically, measurements of milk fat, protein, lactose and urea concentrations are evaluated. Changes in the ratio of milk fat to protein may indicate an increased risk for rumen acidosis and ketosis. The costly determination of individual fatty acids in milk creates barriers for grouping of fatty acids into saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Novel approaches include the potential of mid-IR (MIR) based predictions of BHB and acetone in milk, although the latter are not directly measured, but only estimated via indirect associations of concomitantly altered milk composition during (sub)clinical ketosis. Although MIR-based ketone body concentrations in milk are not suitable to monitor the metabolic status of the individual cow, they provide an estimate of the overall herd or specific groups of animals earlier in a particular stage of lactation. Management decisions can be made earlier and animal health status improved by adjusting diet composition.

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Prevalence of elevated milk β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in Holstein cows measured by Fourier-transform infrared analysis in Dairy Herd Improvement milk samples and association with milk yield and components

Cited by 66 publications

References 34 publications

Herd health monitoring in dairy farms – discover metabolic diseases. An overview

Herd health monitoring in dairy farms – discover metabolic diseases. An overview

A randomized controlled trial on the effect of incomplete milking during the first 5 days in milk on culling hazard and on milk production and composition of dairy cows

Review: Metabolic challenges in lactating dairy cows and their assessment via established and novel indicators in milk

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