Prevalence of diabetes in Australia: insights from the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II

Davis, Wendy A.; Peters, Kirsten E.; Makepeace, Ashley; Griffiths, S.M.; Bundell, Christine; Grant, Struan F.A.; Ellard, Sian; Hattersley, Andrew T.; Chubb, S. A. Paul; Bruce, David; Davis, Timothy

doi:10.1111/imj.13792

Cited by 46 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Diabetes mellitus is highly prevalent in Australia, affecting up to 1 million people, or 5.5% of the population . Of these people, about 86% have type 2 diabetes .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Advances in type 2 diabetes therapy: a focus on cardiovascular and renal outcomes

Libianto

Davis

Ekinci

2020

Medical Journal of Australia

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Summary Treatment options for type 2 diabetes have expanded. While metformin remains the first line treatment in most cases, choices for second line treatment now extend beyond sulfonylureas and include the sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors. SGLT2 inhibitors are recommended for people with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure or kidney disease. Diabetic ketoacidosis is an uncommon but important side effect; its occurrence can be minimised with appropriate patient education and management, especially during perioperative periods and times of illness. GLP1 receptor agonists are recommended for people with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Gastrointestinal side effects are common but are less prominent with the longer acting agents and can be minimised with slow titration of the shorter acting agents. DPP4 inhibitors are generally well tolerated, but alogliptin and saxagliptin should be used with caution in people with risk factors for heart failure. To optimise the management of type 2 diabetes, clinicians need to be aware of the pharmacological characteristics of each class of blood glucose‐lowering medications and of the effect on cardiovascular health and renal function, balanced by potential adverse effects. Medications that have cardiovascular or renal benefits should be prescribed for patients with these comorbidities, and this is reflected in recent international guidelines.

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“…Diabetes mellitus is highly prevalent in Australia, affecting up to 1 million people, or 5.5% of the population . Of these people, about 86% have type 2 diabetes .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diabetes mellitus is highly prevalent in Australia, affecting up to 1 million people, or 5.5% of the population . Of these people, about 86% have type 2 diabetes . The prevalence of diabetes has doubled within the past two decades, and it will likely continue to rise due to increasing obesity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Advances in type 2 diabetes therapy: a focus on cardiovascular and renal outcomes

Libianto

Davis

Ekinci

2020

Medical Journal of Australia

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“…The FDS2 is a prospective community‐based study of 1668 people with diabetes . Details of recruitment and data collection have been published . In brief, classification of diabetes type was based on age at diagnosis, nature of first presentation, diabetes treatment history, body mass index (BMI), evidence of ketonaemia, autoantibody positivity, serum insulin and C‐peptide concentrations, and genotyping in those with high monogenic diabetes risk scores .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23,24 In brief, classification of diabetes type was based on age at diagnosis, nature of first presentation, diabetes treatment history, body mass index (BMI), evidence of ketonaemia, autoantibody positivity, serum insulin and C-peptide concentrations, and genotyping in those with high monogenic diabetes risk scores. 24 There were 1617 eligible participants, including 130 (8.0%) with type 1 diabetes, 1408 (87.1%) with type 2 diabetes, and 79 (4.9%) with latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). Patients with secondary/monogenic diabetes, taking amiodarone/lithium, or with missing medication data/blood samples were excluded ( Figure 1).…”

Section: Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and incidence of thyroid dysfunction in type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes of adults: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II

Peters

Chubb

Bruce

et al. 2020

Clinical Endocrinology

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Objective Since the results of published studies assessing thyroid dysfunction complicating diabetes have been variable in quality, inconsistent and may not reflect contemporary clinical care, the aim of this study was to determine its prevalence and incidence in a large, well‐characterized, representative cohort. Design Community‐based, longitudinal, observational study. Patients A total of 1617 participants from the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II (FDS2), including 130 (8.0%) with type 1 diabetes, 1408 (87.1%) with type 2 diabetes, and 79 (4.9%) with latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). Measurements Serum thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) at baseline between 2008 and 2011 and in those attending Year 4 follow‐up. Results The prevalence of known thyroid disease (ascertained from baseline self‐reported thyroid medication use or hospitalization data) was 11.7% (189/1617). Of the remaining 1428 participants, 5.1% (73/1428) had biochemical evidence of subclinical hypothyroidism, 1.1% (15/1428) overt hypothyroidism, 0.1% (2/1428) subclinical hyperthyroidism and 0.2% (3/1428) overt hyperthyroidism, representing an overall baseline prevalence of thyroid disease of 17.4% (282/1617). During 5694 patient‐years of follow‐up, 25 (3.0%) of the 844 with a normal baseline TSH and follow‐up data developed known thyroid disease. Of the remaining 819, 3.4% developed subclinical hypothyroidism, 0.2% overt hypothyroidism and 0.5% subclinical hyperthyroidism. There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence or incidence of thyroid dysfunction by diabetes type. Conclusions Thyroid dysfunction, known or detected through screening, is common in diabetes. These data suggest the need for periodic clinical and biochemical screening for thyroid disease in all types of diabetes.

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“…Recent estimates suggest that 1.1 million Australians (4.8% of the population) have diabetes. 1 Most (approximately 1 million) have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes which increases in prevalence with age, is strongly associated with other health conditions such as hypertension and dyslipidaemia, and can cause chronic vascular and other complications. The pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes can, therefore, be complex, but some patients will also use complementary medicines (CM) in an attempt to prevent adverse outcomes and improve their general well-being.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complementary medicine use and its cost in Australians with type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II

Yarash

Sharif

Masood

et al. 2020

Internal Medicine Journal

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Background Few studies have examined complementary medicine (CM) use in diabetes. Australian data are inconsistent, limited in scope and have not considered cost. Aims To evaluate the prevalence, associates and costs of CM in a contemporary Australian urban, community‐based cohort of people with type 2 diabetes. Methods Baseline CM use was determined as part of a detailed assessment in 1543 of 1551 Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II (FDS2) participants with type 2 diabetes (mean age 65.7 years, 51.8% males, median diabetes duration 9.0 years) recruited to the FDS2 between 2008 and 2011 who self‐reported medication use including CM defined as non‐prescription medicinal products. Results A total of 672 FDS2 type 2 participants (43.6%) used at least one type of CM, 92% of which were nutritional supplements (omega‐3 fatty acids/fish oil in 24% of CM users followed by calcium in 11%, glucosamine in 10% and others in <10%). Independent associates of CM use included older age, female sex, any mobility problem, and, inversely, Southern European or Indigenous Australian background, lack of English fluency, ex/current smoking status, taking oral glucose‐lowering medications and higher HbA1c. The total annual estimated cost of CM used by FDS2 participants with type 2 diabetes was A$121 640 or A$79 ± 208 per person (range A$0–2993). Extrapolating these data, the 1 million Australians with type 2 diabetes spend A$79 million/year on CM. Conclusions CM use in type 2 diabetes is both common and costly. Healthcare professionals should consider discussing safe and cost‐effective use of CM with their patients with type 2 diabetes.

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Prevalence of diabetes in Australia: insights from the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II

Abstract: Approximately 1 in 20 Australians has diabetes. Although most have type 2 diabetes, one in seven has other types that may require more specialised diagnosis and/or management.

Cited by 46 publications

References 19 publications

Advances in type 2 diabetes therapy: a focus on cardiovascular and renal outcomes

Advances in type 2 diabetes therapy: a focus on cardiovascular and renal outcomes

Prevalence and incidence of thyroid dysfunction in type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes of adults: The Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II

Complementary medicine use and its cost in Australians with type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II

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