Prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in middle-class urban participants in India

Abstract

ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of diabetes and awareness, treatment and control of cardiovascular risk factors in population-based participants in India.MethodsA study was conducted in 11 cities in different regions of India using cluster sampling. Participants were evaluated for demographic, biophysical, and biochemical risk factors. 6198 participants were recruited, and in 5359 participants (86.4%, men 55%), details of diabetes (known or fasting glucose >126 mg/dL), hypertension (known or blood pressure >140/>90 mm Hg), hypercholesterolemia (cholesterol >200 mg/dL), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (men <40, women <50 mg/dL), hypertriglyceridemia (>150 mg/dL), and smoking/tobacco use were available. Details of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were also obtained.ResultsThe age-adjusted prevalence (%) of diabetes was 15.7 (95% CI 14.8 to 16.6; men 16.7, women 14.4) and that of impaired fasting glucose was 17.8 (16.8 to 18.7; men 17.7, women 18.0). In participants with diabetes, 27.6% were undiagnosed, drug treatment was in 54.1% and control (fasting glucose ≤130 mg/dL) in 39.6%. Among participants with diabetes versus those without, prevalence of hypertension was 73.1 (67.2 to 75.0) vs 26.5 (25.2 to 27.8), hypercholesterolemia 41.4 (38.3 to 44.5) vs 14.7 (13.7 to 15.7), hypertriglyceridemia 71.0 (68.1 to 73.8) vs 30.2 (28.8 to 31.5), low HDL cholesterol 78.5 (75.9 to 80.1) vs 37.1 (35.7 to 38.5), and smoking/smokeless tobacco use in 26.6 (23.8 to 29.4) vs 14.4 (13.4 to 15.4; p<0.001). Awareness, treatment, and control, respectively, of hypertension were 79.9%, 48.7%, and 40.7% and those of hypercholesterolemia were 61.0%, 19.1%, and 45.9%, respectively.ConclusionsIn the urban Indian middle class, more than a quarter of patients with diabetes are undiagnosed and the status of control is low. Cardiovascular risk factors—hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, and smoking/smokeless tobacco use—are highly prevalent. There is low awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia in patients with diabetes.

A Study on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Diabetic Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern Odisha

“…regular exercise or strenuous work. 18 The weight and height of the patients were recorded with light clothes. Body mass index (BMI) was defined as body mass in kilograms divided by the square of the body height in meters (expressed in units of kg/m 2 ).…”

“…This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an urban population, relating it to demographic, and biochemical parameters and comparing it to national and international studies. 16,17,18,19 …”

Cross sectional study on prevalence and medication adherence of hypertension and diabetes in a tertiary care hospital in Karimnagar, India

“…are observed. [8][9][10] One of the most important issue in the effective treatment of Sub chronic and chronic illnesses is patient medication adherence to prescribed medications. [10][11][12] Adherence is the degree to which a person's behaviour coincides with medical advice.…”

The HDD Study (Hypertensive, Diabetes & Dyslipidemia) -Cardiovascular Risk Factor Epidemiology in Desk Job Workers - A Preliminary Study

“…Smoking has been considered to be associated with diabetes and to predispose to diabetes related complications across studies, 25,[33][34][35] while its association with dyslipidemia and increased blood pressure has been inconclusive in literature [36][37][38][39][40] with a large scale population based, long-term follow up study reporting smoking to be an independent risk factor for CVD with clinically little effect on blood pressure and cholesterol, especially in those above 46years of age. 35 But in our study we found no significant association of smoking status with hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia.…”

“…Further there seems to exist a complex interaction between hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia with a study from India reporting diabetics to be more prone to other cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension and lipid disorders, 34 while another study showed hypertension to be twice common in diabetics and to be responsible for majority of CVD in the group. 44 No such interaction was explored in the current study, thereby presenting as a study limitation.…”