Prevalence of depression in Uganda: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Kaggwa, Mark Mohan; Najjuka, Sarah Maria; Bongomin, Felix; Mamun, Mohammed A.; Griffiths, Mark D.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276552

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 169 publications

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“…High levels of depression and anxiety raise concerns about the capacity of mental healthcare systems to respond during the pandemic. The prevalence of depression in this study was higher than national pre-pandemic levels of 29.3% [23]. In addition to studies in the general adult population in Uganda, there is evidence that mental health was significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic even when not directly affected by the infection [24].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

“…In line with these findings, evidence from the United States (23) showed that experiencing a COVID-19 infection was associated with an increased risk of common mental disorders such as anxiety and depression in the acute phase of the infection. This is also in agreement with multiple other studies reporting an elevation in mental health problems following infection [29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

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Association between recent COVID-19 diagnosis on depression and anxiety symptoms among slum residents in Kampala, Uganda

Wafula

Ninsiima

Mendoza

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background An increase in mental health problems has been reported since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known about the prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders, and how recent COVID-19 diagnosis may influence risk of these conditions especially in low-income settings. In this study, we assessed the association between recent COVID-19 diagnosis and depressive and anxiety symptoms among residents in an urban slum setting in Uganda. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 284 individuals in a slum settlement in Kampala, Uganda between April and May 2022. We assessed generalized anxiety and depression symptoms using two validated questionnaires. We collected data on sociodemographic characteristics, and self-reported recent COVID-19 diagnosis (in the previous 30 days). Using a modified Poisson regression, adjusted for age, sex, gender and household income, we separately provided prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the associations between recent COVID-19 diagnosis and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Results Overall, 33.8% and 13.4% of the participants met the depression and generalized anxiety screening criteria respectively. People with recent COVID-19 diagnosis were more likely to be depressed (53.1%) than those with no recent diagnosis (31.4%). Participants who were recently diagnosed with COVID-19 reported higher prevalence of anxiety (34.4%) compared to those with no recent diagnosis of COVID-19 (10.7%). After adjusting for confounding, recent diagnosis with COVID-19 was associated with depression (PR= 1.60, 95% CI 1.09 – 2.34) and anxiety (PR = 2.83, 95% CI 1.50 – 5.31) . Conclusion This study suggests an increased risk of depressive symptoms and GAD in adults following a COVID-19 diagnosis. We recommend additional mental health support for recently diagnosed persons. The long-term of COVID-19 on mental health effects also need to be investigated.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Association between recent COVID-19 diagnosis on depression and anxiety symptoms among slum residents in Kampala, Uganda

Wafula

Ninsiima

Mendoza

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…High levels of depression and anxiety raise concerns about the capacity of mental healthcare systems to respond during the pandemic. The prevalence of depression in among slum dwellers in this study was higher than national pre-pandemic levels of 29.3% [ 40 ]. However, it’s important to note that the national survey had a larger sample and was not specifically focused on slum dwellers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Association between recent COVID-19 diagnosis, depression and anxiety symptoms among slum residents in Kampala, Uganda

et al. 2023

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Background Despite the known link between poor living conditions and mental health, there has been little research on the mental health of slum dwellers worldwide. Although the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to an increase in mental health issues, little focus has been given to the impact on slum dwellers. The study aimed to investigate the association between recent COVID-19 diagnosis and the risk of depression and anxiety symptoms among people living in an urban slum in Uganda. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 284 adults (at least 18 years of age) in a slum settlement in Kampala, Uganda between April and May 2022. We assessed depression symptoms and anxiety using validated Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder assessment tool (GAD-7) questionnaires respectively. We collected data on sociodemographic characteristics, and self-reported recent COVID-19 diagnosis (in the previous 30 days). Using a modified Poisson regression, adjusted for age, sex, gender and household income, we separately provided prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the associations between recent COVID-19 diagnosis and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Results Overall, 33.8% and 13.4% of the participants met the depression and generalized anxiety screening criteria respectively and 11.3% were reportedly diagnosed with COVID-19 in the previous 30 days. People with recent COVID-19 diagnosis were more likely to be depressed (53.1%) than those with no recent diagnosis (31.4%) (p<0.001). Participants who were recently diagnosed with COVID-19 reported higher prevalence of anxiety (34.4%) compared to those with no recent diagnosis of COVID-19 (10.7%) (p = 0.014). After adjusting for confounding, recent diagnosis with COVID-19 was associated with depression (PR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.09–2.34) and anxiety (PR = 2.83, 95% CI 1.50–5.31). Conclusion This study suggests an increased risk of depressive symptoms and GAD in adults following a COVID-19 diagnosis. We recommend additional mental health support for recently diagnosed persons. The long-term of COVID-19 on mental health effects also need to be investigated.

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“…Anxiety and depression are common responses by people from countries experiencing crisis and war ( 25–28 ). Anxiety levels may be high if people believe that the crisis will continue for a long time ( 28 ); high levels of depression and anxiety have been reported among young people exposed to war in Ukraine ( 23 ); elevated depression and increased tendencies toward alcohol and drug abuse have been reported among university students and personnel from Ukraine ( 29 ); a high prevalence of anxiety and depression has been reported among war refugees ( 15 , 30 , 31 ) and IDP ( 32 ). PTSD is common among people following traumatic experiences like war.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mental health impact of the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war 6 months after the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Kurapov¹,

Kalaitzaki²,

Keller³

et al. 2023

Front. Psychiatry

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ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the impact of the ongoing war in Ukraine on the mental health of Ukrainians, focusing on war-induced trauma, disturbances in self-organization, post-traumatic stress disorder, complex post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, stress, and depression.MethodsData was collected from 703 participants 6 months after the full-scale invasion using a structured questionnaire that included sections on socio-demographic information, trauma-related issues, and mental health.ResultsThe study found that levels of depression and anxiety were relatively low, while stress and resilience were relatively high among Ukrainians affected by the war. However, those who were directly exposed to military actions, physical violence, or severe human suffering had higher levels of anxiety, depression, stress, and trauma-related symptoms. The war experience varied by gender, age, and living conditions. Participants who stayed in Ukraine had significantly lower anxiety, depression, stress, and trauma-related symptoms compared to those who moved abroad. Anxiety, depression, stress, low resilience, and subjective satisfaction with living conditions were predictors of trauma-related symptoms, including PTSD and CPTSD.ConclusionThese findings suggest that the mental health of Ukrainians affected by the war was impacted differently depending on their level of exposure to violence and their living conditions. Additionally, the study identified several predictors of trauma-related symptoms, including PTSD and CPTSD, such as anxiety, depression, stress, low resilience, and subjective satisfaction with living conditions. Future research should further explore the relationships between trauma type, sociodemographic factors, resilience, stress, anxiety, depression, and PTSD and CPTSD to better understand the mediation mechanisms underlying these relationships and to develop effective interventions to support the well-being of Ukrainians during this difficult time.

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Prevalence of depression in Uganda: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 18 publications

References 169 publications

Association between recent COVID-19 diagnosis on depression and anxiety symptoms among slum residents in Kampala, Uganda

Association between recent COVID-19 diagnosis on depression and anxiety symptoms among slum residents in Kampala, Uganda

Association between recent COVID-19 diagnosis, depression and anxiety symptoms among slum residents in Kampala, Uganda

The mental health impact of the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war 6 months after the Russian invasion of Ukraine

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