Prevalence of Depression During Pregnancy: Systematic Review

Bennett, Heather A.; Einarson, Adrienne; Taddio, Anna; Koren, Gideon; Einarson, Thomas R.

doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000116689.75396.5f

Cited by 1,471 publications

(1,178 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…There is evidence that depression increases with or at least varies across gestation (Evans et al 2001;Bennett et al 2004). However, there are two potentially important limitations of the existing literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associated symptoms of depression: patterns of change during pregnancy

Castro

Anderman

Glover

et al. 2017

Arch Womens Ment Health

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Little is known about the natural course of depressive symptoms and associated features throughout pregnancy. We examined the course of some psychological and somatic symptoms in each month of pregnancy in a normative sample. A consecutive, unselected sample of women (N = 374) were interviewed retrospectively at 6 weeks postpartum with the Structured Clinical Interview (DSM-IV). Women were asked whether they had experienced each symptom at any time during pregnancy and the occurrence of the symptom for each month of pregnancy. Associated symptoms of depression showed complex changes across pregnancy. Depressed mood (F(df) = 5.15(1); p = 0.02) showed a quadratic pattern with elevations at the beginning and end of pregnancy. Both linear increases ( a ) and quadratic ( b ) changes over time were observed for sensitivity to criticism (F a (df) = 20.9(1), p a = 0.00; F b (df) = 7.02(1), p b = 0.00), lack of concentration (F a (df) = 37.0(1), p a = 0.00; F b (df) = 10.3(1); p b = 0.00), decreased energy (F a (df) = 13.4(1); p a = 0.00; F b (df) = 62.6(1); p b = 0.00) and feelings of heavy limbs (F a (df) = 92.9(1); p a = 0.00; F b (df) = 67.7(1); p b = 0.00). Only guilt (F(df) = 0.00(1); p = 0.93) showed no significant change over pregnancy. Psychological symptoms changed throughout pregnancy as much as somatic symptoms. A linear increase was found for most symptoms, but significant non-linear changes were also found. The discrepancy between the patterns of depressed mood and most somatic and psychological symptoms suggest complex interactions and potentially important implications for assessment and monitoring treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associated symptoms of depression: patterns of change during pregnancy

Castro

Anderman

Glover

et al. 2017

Arch Womens Ment Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…1,2 As a result, this is one of the periods during which women are most prone to developing mental disorders, especially during the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. 3 Although only 5 to 8% of pregnant women meet criteria for major depressive disorder, 4 about 20% of women may experience depressive symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum and this situation often goes undiagnosed and untreated. [4][5][6] This is an important risk factor for postnatal depression and evidence suggests that gestational depression may be associated with several negative outcomes, such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and abnormal child development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Although only 5 to 8% of pregnant women meet criteria for major depressive disorder, 4 about 20% of women may experience depressive symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum and this situation often goes undiagnosed and untreated. [4][5][6] This is an important risk factor for postnatal depression and evidence suggests that gestational depression may be associated with several negative outcomes, such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and abnormal child development. [5][6][7][8] Conventional treatment options for depression include psychotropic agents (especially antidepressants), psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which is indicated in the most severe or treatmentrefractory cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of major depression during pregnancy: a review

Felipe

Ferrão

2016

Trends Psychiatry Psychother.

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Introduction: Pregnancy is characterized by a high prevalence of mental disorders. Depression is the most common of these disorders and it is a risk factor for negative maternal and child development outcomes. Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy are conventional and well-established therapeutic options, but some clients fail to respond and the safety of using some pharmacological agents during pregnancy is unclear. Some neuromodulation techniques, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), have been studied in depressed pregnant women. Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of rTMS for major depression in pregnant women. Methods: The LILACS and PubMed databases were reviewed using the search terms depression, pregnancy and magnetic stimulation. Texts including primary data, published in Portuguese, Spanish, or English, between 1995 and2014, that evaluated depressed pregnant women and used rTMS as the intervention were selected. Papers lacking sufficient data were excluded. Twenty-two texts were initially identified; after applying the inclusion criteria, 12 were selected and analyzed. Results: The studies reviewed reported satisfactory responses to rTMS in acute depressive episodes, as measured using depressive symptom scales. Remission of symptoms was achieved in many cases. The procedure was well tolerated and there were no reports of damage/complications to unborn children. Conclusion:The data available at this time support the efficacy and tolerability of rTMS for depression in pregnant women. Controlled studies should corroborate this conclusion. This review only included studies in three languages and the resulting sample size was not large enough to conduct a meta-analysis.

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“…2 For instance, explicit memory [3][4][5] and mood [4][5][6] deteriorate during pregnancy when progesterone and estradiol levels reach their highest physiological concentrations. Mood is also influenced by the more subtle changes in these hormone levels during the menstrual cycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progesterone selectively increases amygdala reactivity in women

et al. 2007

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The acute neural effects of progesterone are mediated by its neuroactive metabolites allopregnanolone and pregnanolone. These neurosteroids potentiate the inhibitory actions of c-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Progesterone is known to produce anxiolytic effects in animals, but recent animal studies suggest that pregnanolone increases anxiety after a period of low allopregnanolone concentration. This effect is potentially mediated by the amygdala and related to the negative mood symptoms in humans that are observed during increased allopregnanolone levels. Therefore, we investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) whether a single progesterone administration to healthy young women in their follicular phase modulates the amygdala response to salient, biologically relevant stimuli. The progesterone administration increased the plasma concentrations of progesterone and allopregnanolone to levels that are reached during the luteal phase and early pregnancy. The imaging results show that progesterone selectively increased amygdala reactivity. Furthermore, functional connectivity analyses indicate that progesterone modulated functional coupling of the amygdala with distant brain regions. These results reveal a neural mechanism by which progesterone may mediate adverse effects on anxiety and mood.

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Prevalence of Depression During Pregnancy: Systematic Review

Abstract: Rates of depression, especially during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, are substantial. Clinical and economic studies to estimate maternal and fetal consequences are needed.

Cited by 1,471 publications

References 67 publications

Associated symptoms of depression: patterns of change during pregnancy

Associated symptoms of depression: patterns of change during pregnancy

Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of major depression during pregnancy: a review

Progesterone selectively increases amygdala reactivity in women

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