Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors among Diabetic Patients in an Outpatient Diabetes Clinic

Abstract

Despite adequate treatment for diabetes, it is estimated that 15%- 20% of people with diabetes are struggling with a moderate to severe form of depression daily. Little is known about depression in diabetes in East Africa, particularly in Tanzania. The study is aimed at determining the prevalence of depression and associated factors among patients with diabetes. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at the diabetes clinic of Muhimbili National Hospital. The 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9) scale was used to assess presence of depressive symptoms among diabetes patients at the clinic. In addition, patient's sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were obtained and analysed for their association with depression. A total of 353 participants were recruited, of whom 229 (64.9%) patients were female and 156 (44.2%) were aged between 41 and 60 years. The overall prevalence of depression among diabetes patients at the diabetes clinic was 87%. Most (56.7%) had minimal depression, 22.1% had mild depression, and 8.2% had moderate depression. None had severe depression. Factors independently associated with a diagnosis of mild to moderate depression were being on insulin therapy and being a current smoker. There was a high prevalence of depression in this diabetic population. Majority of patients had minimal depression but about 30% had either mild or moderate depression. A holistic approach that focuses on the identification and management of depression among patients with diabetes is recommended.

Depression and Its Associated Factors among Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Selected Hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…This magnitude is almost similar to the findings of studies conducted in Malaysia (40.3%) [31], Southern India (37.5%) [34], and Nepal (34%) [35]. However, the finding is lower than studies conducted in Ethiopia, 43.6% [36], and Tanzania (87%) [17]. The inconsistency between the current and former studies might be due to variation in the tools used to measure depression, sociocultural, and behavioral-related factors among study participants.…”

“…The occurrence of depression in people with diabetes mellitus is about two to three times higher compared to the general population [11][12][13]. Studies have reported varying results on the prevalence of depression in diabetes patients that ranges from 5.9% to 87% [14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Hubungan Keputusasaan dengan Depresi pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus di Padang

“…Sebanyak 87% penderita diabetes melitus mengalami depresi. (Khan, Lutale, & Moledina, 2019). Penelitian Vuuren & Pillay, (2019) mengungkapkan sebanyak 46,6% penderita diabetes melitus mengalami gangguan depresi mayor.…”

“…Sementara hasil penelitian (Wang, Lopez, Bolge, Zhu, & Stang, 2016) mengungkapkan bahwa kejadian depresi yang relevan secara klinis pada penderita diabetes melitus sebesar 10,6% dan depresi signifikan secara klinis sebesar 4,2%. Data ini menggambarkan bahwa penderita diabetes melitus memiliki resiko tinggi mengalami depresi Depresi pada penderita diabetes dapat disebabkan oleh faktor genetik, biologis dan psikologis (Niraula, Kohrt, Flora et al, 2013;Khan et al, 2019) Menurut Holt, de Groot, & Golden (2015), mekanisme dan patogenesis yang mendasari hubungan antara depresi dengan diabetes melitus adalah beban klinis dari penyakit, faktor gaya hidup dan kepatuhan, obat antidepresan, struktur dan fungsi otak, disfungsi aksis HPA, gangguan tidur, peradangan, dan faktor lingkungan. Holt et al (2015) mengungkapkan depresi pada klien diabetes melitus cenderung disebabkan oleh pengetahuan terhadap diagnosis, beban mengelola kondisi dan komplikasi penyakit.…”

Detection and prevalence of depression among adult type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending non-communicable diseases clinics in Lilongwe, Malawi

“…The wide range of reported prevalence estimates may be due to differences in assessment tools and variation in the types of patients in the studies cohorts. Depression in patients with diabetes is often associated with poor glycaemic control, poor adherence to medication, and rapid development of complications (5)(6)(7). Furthermore, depression is often undiagnosed and untreated in this patient population (8)(9)(10)(11)(12).…”