Prevalence of CTXM, SHV, TEM AND OXA Genes among Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> from Mukuru Slum, Kenya

Abstract

Background: Extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) producing Enterobacteriaceae cause infections that are often reported in both hospital and community setting. These infections are on the increase and jeopardize the achievement of modern medicine because of their clinical implications. There is need for surveillance measures to be taken, both by the health care personnel and the community at large. Methodology: We examined 330 diarrhea stool samples from children below the age of 5 years and processed them. A total of 96 (29%) samples were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae out of the bacteria isolated. Identification of ESBL was done and 42 K. pneumoniae isolates were tested for the occurrence of bla CTX-M, bla OXA, bl aTEM and bla SHV resistant genes by PCR, gel electrophoresis and visualized by UV illumination. Results: Our results revealed that bla CTXM was the most frequent ESBL type 42 (100%), followed by bla TEM in 41 (97.6%) isolates and bla SHVin38 (90.4%) of the isolates. None of the tested isolates were found to be encoding bla OXA. There was occurrence of more than one gene in most of the isolates. The double combination was detected in bla CTX-M/ bla TEM (9.5%) and bla CTXM/SHV (2.4%). A triple combination was noted bla-TEM/ bla SHV/ bla CTX-M (88%). Conclusion: Our results indicate that there is Presence of Beta lactam genes associated with antimicrobial resistance among the K. pneumoniae isolates from Mukuru Slum, Kenya. The predominant ESBL genotype in Mukuru slums, Kenya was bla CTX-M followed by bla TEM and bla SHV respectively. There is need for surveillance measures to be taken so as to control the spread among the community.

Detection of diverse carbapenem and multidrug resistance genes and high-risk strain types among carbapenem non-susceptible clinical isolates of target gram-negative bacteria in Kenya

“…These are from hospitals in three Kenyan counties: Nairobi, Kiambu, and Kilifi. With increasing carbapenem use in Kenya because of the high levels of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae [ 27 – 29 ], a concomitant rise in CR is expected that warrants close monitoring.…”

Occurrence of Beta-Lactamases Genes in Beta-Lactam Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Milk of Goats with Sub-Clinical Mastitis in Thika Sub-County, Kenya

“…The occurrence of more than one beta-lactamase in one bacterial isolate has been reported in humans. For instance, in Kenya, a double combination of CTX-M/TEM and CTX-M/SHV and a triple combination of CTX-M/SHV/TEM was noted by Saisi et al (2019) from diarrhea stool samples from children. Mshana et al (2013) reported a combination of CTX-M/TEM, SHV/CTX-M, and CTX-M alone in neonatal sepsis in Tanzania.…”

“…Polymerase chain reaction for amplification of bla TEM , bla CTX-M , bla SHV, bla OXA-1, and bla KPC genes Amplification was performed in 10 µl reaction mixture containing 2 µl of 5X FIREPol Master Mix containing FIREPol DNA polymerase (Solis BioDyne, Tartu, Estonia), 0.5 µl of 10 pmol/ µl of the primers (Macrogen, Europe), and 4 µl of template DNA as described by Saisi et al (2019) with modifications. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) water was used to top up the reaction volume to 10 µl.…”

“…The primer properties of the other bla genes used in the study (bla CXT-M , bla OXA, and bla KPC ) are shown in Table 2. Gel electrophoresis was conducted according to Saisi et al (2019) with minor modifications. The PCR products were analyzed using 1% agarose gel in 1X Tris-borate-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) buffer.…”

“…Then, 50 Voltage was applied during the electrophoresis, and run for 45 minutes. In place of ethidium bromide, the gels were stained with TruGel nucleic acid staining dye, and photographed under ultraviolet (UV) light trans-illuminator (Saisi et al, 2019).…”