Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in cattle and wildlife in Morogoro region, Tanzania

Mtambo, M.M.A.; Sebatwale, J.B.; Kambarage, D. M.; Muhairwa, Amandus P.; Maeda, G.E.; Kusiluka, L.J.M.; Kazwala, R. R.

doi:10.1016/s0167-5877(96)01130-0

Cited by 40 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Previously a Bayesian approach has proven its potential to circumvent this gold standard problem when 3 [11,26] or 4 tests [5] were used to diagnose infection. The four-test approach was also used in this study and yielded a Cryptosporidium calf prevalence estimate of 17% (95% PI: 0.1-0.28), which is comparable to observations by others in calves of the same age category [16,20,25,32]. The 95% PI might even underestimate the prevalence due to intra-herd correlation not being taken into account.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

A Bayesian approach for the evaluation of six diagnostic assays and the estimation ofCryptosporidiumprevalence in dairy calves

Geurden¹,

Berkvens²,

Geldhof³

et al. 2006

Vet. Res.

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-The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in calves and the test properties of six diagnostic assays (microscopy (ME), an immunofluorescence assay (IFA), two ELISA and two PCR assays) were estimated using Bayesian analysis. In a first Bayesian approach, the test results of the four conventional techniques were used: ME, IFA and two ELISA. This four-test approach estimated that the calf prevalence was 17% (95% Probability Interval (PI): 0.1-0.28) and that the specificity estimates of the IFA and ELISA were high compared to ME. A six-test Bayesian model was developed using the test results of the 4 conventional assays and 2 PCR assays, resulting in a higher calf prevalence estimate (58% with a 95% PI: 0.5-0.66) and in a different test evaluation: the sensitivity estimates of the conventional techniques decreased in the six-test approach, due to the inclusion of two PCR assays with a higher sensitivity compared to the conventional techniques. The specificity estimates of these conventional assays were comparable in the four-test and six-test approach. These results both illustrate the potential and the pitfalls of a Bayesian analysis in estimating prevalence and test characteristics, since posterior estimates are variables depending both on the data at hand and prior information included in the analysis. The need for sensitive diagnostic assays in epidemiological studies is demonstrated, especially for the identification of subclinically infected animals since the PCR assays identify these animals with reduced oocyst excretion, which the conventional techniques fail to identify.Cryptosporidium / Bayesian / test evaluation / prevalence / calves

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

A Bayesian approach for the evaluation of six diagnostic assays and the estimation ofCryptosporidiumprevalence in dairy calves

Geurden¹,

Berkvens²,

Geldhof³

et al. 2006

Vet. Res.

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“…Both in lambs (Olson et al, 1997;Abd-El-Wahed, 1999;Majewska et al, 2000;Causape et al, 2002) and in goat kids (Rossanigo et al, 1987;Matos-Fernandez et al, 1993;Noordeen et al, 2000;Watanabe et al, 2005) the prevalence was rather low compared to prevalence studies in other parts of the world, although both for sheep and for goats 30% of the farms had at least one positive animal at the time of the visit. In Africa similar prevalences were found in extensively reared calves (Mtambo et al, 1997;Geurden et al, 2006) altough a higher calf prevalence was described in Uganda (Nizeyi et al, 2002). The low prevalence in small ruminats might be imputed to differences in climate and husbandry system.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

The prevalence and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium spp. in small ruminants in Zambia

Goma

Geurden

Siwila

et al. 2007

Small Ruminant Research

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Although Cryptosporidium spp. have been associated with diarrhea and mortality in sheep and goats, this is the first study to estimate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in small ruminants in Southern Africa. Between August 2003 and February 2004, a cross-sectional study with single random sampling was carried out in three Zambian provinces: Central, Southern and Lusaka province. Faecal samples from lambs and goat kids less than 3 months of age were collected and examined using the TechLab Cryptosporidium ELISA. Faecal samples of 257 animals were collected: 152 lambs on 18 farms and 105 goat kids on 13 farms. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in lambs and goat kids was 12.5% and 4.8%, respectively and 30% of the sheep and goat farms had at least one positive animal at the time of the visit. A subset of the positive samples was withheld for molecular characterisation. Based on sequences obtained after amplification of the 70 kDa heat shock protein and the Cryptosporidium 18SrRNA gene, C. parvum was identified in all but one of the animals. In this lamb C. suis was identified. The results of the present study indicate that the animal prevalence in lambs and goats kids is rather low. However, the identification of C. parvum illustrates that small ruminants might be potential reservoir for human infection in Zambia.

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“…Henriksen e Krough (30) e Bhat et al (31) afirmaram que a criptosporidiose é mais prevalente em bezerros de 4 a 30 dias. Entretanto, em estudo conduzido por Mtambo et al (32) , a prevalência maior situou-se em bezerros com até três meses. Neste estudo, os animais estão compreendidos nesta faixa etária.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

COMPARAÇÃO DA EFICIÊNCIA DAS COLORAÇÕES DE ZIEHL-NEELSEN MODIFICADO E SAFRANINA MODIFICADA NA DETECÇÃO DE OOCISTOS DE Cryptosporidium spp. (EUCOCCIDIORIDA, CRYPTOSPORIDIIDAE) A PARTIR DE AMOSTRAS FECAIS DE BEZERROS DE 0 A 3 MESES

et al. 2016

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ResumoA criptosporidiose bovina é causada principalmente por quatro espécies distintas: Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium bovis, Cryptosporidium ryanae e Cryptosporidium andersoni. A espécie Cryptosporidium parvum (Ordem: Eucoccidiorida, Família: Cryptosporidiidae) é considerada de alto potencial zoonótico, podendo infectar humanos por intermédio da eliminação de oocistos tanto pelos bovinos quanto pelo próprio humano. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a ocorrência de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. em amostras fecais de bezerros (75 machos e 77 fêmeas), tendo sido coletadas 152 amostras de fezes de animais do nascimento até os três meses de idade. O material foi submetido às técnicas de coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen modificado e Safranina modificada, as lâminas foram observadas em toda sua extensão ao microscópio óptico para a verificação da presença de oocistos desta enteroparasitose. Os resultados demonstraram 17,1% (26/152) de positividade no total das amostras examinadas e a análise estatística revelou não haver diferença entre o sexo e as técnicas de coloração utilizadas neste estudo. Conclui-se que a infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. esta presente nas propriedades avaliadas, porém são necessários mais estudos para que o risco de infecção seja mensurado adequadamente e medidas profiláticas implementadas. Palavras-chave: enteroparasitose; ruminante; zoonose. AbstractBovine cryptosporidiosis is caused by four differents species: Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium bovis, Cryptosporidium andersoni and Cryptosporidium ryanae. The species Cryptosporidium parvum (Order: Eucoccidiorida, Family: Cryptosporidiidae) is considered of high zoonotic potential and it can infect humans through the elimination of oocysts by both cattle and by humans. The objective of this research was to detect oocysts of the genus Cryptosporidium spp. in fecal contents of calves (75 males and 77 females). We collected 152 stool samples from animals aged between 0 day and 3 months. The material was subjected to modified Ziehl-Neelsen and modified Safranin techniques, the slides were observed in its entire length by optical microscopy to verify the

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Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in cattle and wildlife in Morogoro region, Tanzania

Cited by 40 publications

References 12 publications

A Bayesian approach for the evaluation of six diagnostic assays and the estimation ofCryptosporidiumprevalence in dairy calves

A Bayesian approach for the evaluation of six diagnostic assays and the estimation ofCryptosporidiumprevalence in dairy calves

The prevalence and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium spp. in small ruminants in Zambia

COMPARAÇÃO DA EFICIÊNCIA DAS COLORAÇÕES DE ZIEHL-NEELSEN MODIFICADO E SAFRANINA MODIFICADA NA DETECÇÃO DE OOCISTOS DE Cryptosporidium spp. (EUCOCCIDIORIDA, CRYPTOSPORIDIIDAE) A PARTIR DE AMOSTRAS FECAIS DE BEZERROS DE 0 A 3 MESES

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