Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Punjab (India) and its association with diarrhea in neonatal dairy calves

Sharma, Rajnish; Kumar, Hardeep; Banga, H. S.; Aulakh, Rabinder Singh; Gill, James S.; Sharma, J. K.

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.029

Cited by 66 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…3, 4). The usage of special mZN staining as a diagnostic method for the cryptosporidiosis in people and animals is well known (Bhat et al 2012;Ruest et al 1998;Singh et al 2006). However, there seems to be no report of demonstration of cryptosporidial oocysts by conventional Romanowsky staining.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of Romanowsky staining as a novel screening test for the detection of faecal cryptosporidial oocysts

et al. 2016

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Cryptosporidiosis is an emerging waterborne protozoan disease and one of the major causes of neonatal diarrhea in humans and animals. But the disease remains under diagnosed due to lack of availability of special stains in majority of laboratories at primary health centers. Therefore, it requires a rapid screening test for routine diagnosis in conventional laboratory set up. In this pursuit, the present study was planned. During this study, fecal samples from 100 representative animals randomly selected from 17 out breaks of bovine calf diarrhea, were stained with modified Ziehl Neelsen staining (mZN) and Leishman's stain to demonstrate cryptosporidial oocysts and for routine fecal examination, respectively. By mZN staining, 25 cases confirmed the presence of cryptosporidial oocysts. However, examination of Leishman's stained fecal smears revealed round hollow unstained bodies resembling cryptosporidia in 20 cases. Therefore, a comparative morphometric analysis was made between the two techniques to determine their relative efficacy in demonstrating cryptosporidia in the feces of affected animals. The analyses showed that the Leishman's stain can be effective in making a presumptive diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis with a little experience. Confirmation of cryptosporidiosis was done by histopathological examination of intestinal sections of calves died during these out breaks. The findings appear to have great clinical value for routine laboratory screening of fecal samples for cryptosporidiosis as conventional Romanowsky stains are readily available and used for multipurpose examination in most of the laboratories at grass root level. Perusal of literature proved this to be the first attempt at easy diagnostics for cryptosporidiosis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of Romanowsky staining as a novel screening test for the detection of faecal cryptosporidial oocysts

et al. 2016

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“…Numerous studies conducted worldwide within the past decade reported wide variations in the prevalence of C. parvum-like species in dairy calves, ranging from 12% in Norway (Hamnes et al 2006) to 40% to 50% in Australia and Zambia (Becher et al 2004;Geurden et al 2006) to 79% in India (Singh et al 2006). Studies that applied repetitive sampling often reported higher period prevalences of >90% (Uga et al 2000) andup to 100% (Castro-Hermida et al 2002b;Xiao and Herd 1994) in preweaned calves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variation in the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in dairy cattle in the New York City Watershed

et al. 2010

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We conducted cross-sectional studies in the New York City Watershed to ensure a valid estimate of the risk associated with Cryptosporidium infection in dairy herds. Our aims were to obtain species-specific estimates of the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in dairy cattle and to investigate seasonal variations in prevalence. We validated our empirical estimates using a Bayesian approach. Samples were collected on 32 study farms, once in each of 3 different seasons using an age-stratified sampling design. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum-like species and Cryptosporidium andersoni among the 1911 animals tested by the flotation method was 5% and 1%, respectively. Among preweaned calves (<65 days of age), the prevalence of C. parvum-like species was twice as high in the summer (26%) compared with the winter (11%). Herd prevalence showed the same seasonal trend. Preweaned calves were also shedding C. andersoni at an average intensity of 20 oocysts per gram of feces. We did not detect C. parvum-like oocysts in cattle older than 5 months. Sequencing of a portion of the 18s rRNA gene revealed that in the summer, 42% of the C. parvum-like oocysts shed by preweaned calves were zoonotic, compared with >74% during the rest of the year. Both empirical and stochastic methods revealed a summer peak in the prevalence of C. parvum-like oocysts in preweaned calves. Determining whether seasonal variation in the prevalence and proportion of Cryptosporidium species shed by preweaned calves is due to management practices or ecological factors will have important implications for effective control of this parasite.

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“…Calves with severe cryptosporidiosis can take 4 to 6 weeks to fully recover (OLSON et al, 2004), and economic losses due to cryptosporidial infections are related to diarrhea and the extra costs special care of diarrheic calves demand. A mortality rate of 35.5% in calves 0 and 30 days of age has been described (SINGH et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., spatial clustering and patterns of shedding in dairy calves from Córdoba, Argentina

Tiranti

Larriestra

Vissio

et al. 2011

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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The objectives of this study were to estimate calf and herd prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., the herd prevalence clustering, spatial distribution according to soil type and shedding patterns in dairy calves from Cordoba, Argentina. Six hundred twenty calves younger than 7 weeks of age from 43 dairy herds were sampled. Samples were processed with the formol-ether and modified Ziehl-Neelsen techniques. Univariate analysis and Kruskall-Wallis tests were used. Factors associated were subjected to multivariate analysis with calf shedding intensity as the response variable. Clustering of herd prevalence was assessed by a scan method, and spatial analysis was applied to explore the overlapping of high prevalence herds and soil type. Overall calf prevalence for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts were 19.35% (95% CI: 16.14; 22.54) and 34.50% (95% CI: 30.69; 38.34), respectively. Calves younger than two weeks of age were almost four times more likely to be infected with Cryptosporidium, in comparison to older ones (RR: 3.78, 95% CI: 2.27; 6.26). Giardia spp. shedding showed a similar age pattern (RR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.02; 1.75). A primary cluster of high Cryptosporidium prevalence was found, and high prevalence herds were located in areas with poor drained soil.

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Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Punjab (India) and its association with diarrhea in neonatal dairy calves

Cited by 66 publications

References 5 publications

Validation of Romanowsky staining as a novel screening test for the detection of faecal cryptosporidial oocysts

Validation of Romanowsky staining as a novel screening test for the detection of faecal cryptosporidial oocysts

Seasonal variation in the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in dairy cattle in the New York City Watershed

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp., spatial clustering and patterns of shedding in dairy calves from Córdoba, Argentina

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