Prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Eimeria infections in post-weaned and adult cattle on three Maryland farms

Fayer, Ronald; Trout, James M.; Graczyk, Thaddeus K.; Lewis, Earl J.

doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(00)00356-3

Cited by 112 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Neonatal calves are particularly susceptible to infection and can excrete several billion oocysts if they develop cryptosporidiosis. Recent studies indicate that postweaned and adult, asymptomatic cattle also excrete oocysts (9). Although excretion rates (oocysts/gram feces) are lower, the total number of oocysts excreted may still be substantial due to the quantity of feces produced.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Bovine Manure onCryptosporidium parvumOocyst Attachment to Soil

Kuczynska

Shelton

Pachepsky

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The objective of this work was to assess the effect of dilute bovine manure (1.0% and 0.1%) versus that of no manure on attachment and subsequent detachment of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts to soil. Manure enhanced the attachment of oocysts to soil particles; the maximum attachment was observed with 0.1% manure. Oocyst attachment was partially reversible; maximum detachment was observed with dilute manure. These results indicate that oocyst attachment to soil is substantially affected by bovine manure in a complex manner and should have implications for how oocysts may be transported through or over soils.

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Bovine Manure onCryptosporidium parvumOocyst Attachment to Soil

Kuczynska

Shelton

Pachepsky

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Numerous investigators have reported mean prevalences of fecal shedding from ϳ20 to ϳ70% in groups of clinically healthy adult cattle (23,31,34), yet several large cross-sectional epidemiologic surveys have observed prevalences of only 2% or less in asymptomatic adult cattle populations (4,20,41). Some of this variation in the observed prevalence of fecal shedding can be explained by different investigators using diagnostic assays of differing sensitivity and specificity (11,13,15), but much of the variation is the result of studying different populations of cattle (e.g., beef versus dairy), different age distributions within those populations, and groups of cattle under different management practices, especially when only a single farm or a small sample is examined. For example, we found in two different studies that calving duration for beef herds was associated with a three-to sixfold difference in the proportion of cattle shedding C. parvum (5,20), making interstudy comparisons of the shedding prevalence for beef cattle potentially confounded if not adjusted for calving duration.…”

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confidence: 99%

Improved Quantitative Estimates of Low Environmental Loading and Sporadic Periparturient Shedding ofCryptosporidium parvumin Adult Beef Cattle

Atwill

Hoar²,

Pereira

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Our primary goal was to generate an accurate estimate of the daily environmental loading rate of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts for adult beef cattle, using immunomagnetic separation coupled with direct immunofluorescence microscopy for a highly sensitive diagnostic assay. An additional goal was to measure the prevalence and intensity of fecal shedding of C. parvum oocysts in pre-and postparturient cows as an indicator of their potential to infect young calves. This diagnostic method could detect with a >90% probability oocyst concentrations as low as 3.2 oocysts g of feces ؊1 , with a 54% probability of detecting just one oocyst g of feces ؊1 . Using this diagnostic method, the overall apparent prevalence of adult beef cattle testing positive for C. parvum was 7.1% (17 of 240), with 8.3 and 5.8% of cattle shedding oocysts during the pre-and postcalving periods, respectively. The mean intensity of oocyst shedding for test-positive cattle was 3.38 oocysts g of feces ؊1 . The estimated environmental loading rate of C. parvum ranged from 3,900 to 9,200 oocysts cow ؊1 day ؊1 , which is substantially less than a previous estimate of 1. . Use of this highly sensitive assay functioned to detect a greater proportion of low-intensity shedders in our population of cattle, which reduced the estimated mean intensity of shedding and thereby reduced the associated environmental loading rate compared to those of previous studies.Cryptosporidium parvum has emerged as a ubiquitous waterborne microbial pathogen, with specific genotypes readily transmitted ambidirectionally between livestock and humans (7,9,12,25,28,36). One of the first steps in designing watershed management programs for minimizing the occurrence of C. parvum in drinking water supplies is to identify significant quantitative sources of this parasite. Adult cattle are often considered potential nonpoint sources of environmental contamination for C. parvum, but there is some disagreement over the relative importance that adult cattle have in loading watersheds with significant amounts of C. parvum oocysts. In particular, there is a wide range of reported prevalences of fecal shedding of C. parvum for adult beef and dairy cattle. Numerous investigators have reported mean prevalences of fecal shedding from ϳ20 to ϳ70% in groups of clinically healthy adult cattle (23,31,34), yet several large cross-sectional epidemiologic surveys have observed prevalences of only 2% or less in asymptomatic adult cattle populations (4, 20, 41). Some of this variation in the observed prevalence of fecal shedding can be explained by different investigators using diagnostic assays of differing sensitivity and specificity (11,13,15), but much of the variation is the result of studying different populations of cattle (e.g., beef versus dairy), different age distributions within those populations, and groups of cattle under different management practices, especially when only a single farm or a small sample is examined. For example, we found in two different studies that calving duration fo...

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“…Después se dejó secar por 24 h a temperatura ambiente (25 °C), se procesaron mediante la técnica de tinción ácido-alcohol resistente de Kinyoun (19) , y se observó el frotis en un microscopio (LCD Digital, Leica®) a 100X. La muestra se consideró negativa al no observar ningún ooquiste después de revisar seis campos microscópicos en cada portaobjetos (laminilla de vidrio 75 mm x 26 mm); con la finalidad de minimizar las lecturas de falsos positivos la muestra se consideró positiva cuando se observaron al menos ≥ 5 ooquistes de Cryptosporidium spp., los cuales se presentan de forma esférica y teñidos de color rosa brillante (20) .…”

Section: Diagnóstico Microscópicounclassified

Cases frequency and molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in lactating lambs kept grazing in the State of Veracruz, Mexico

Vitela-Mendoza

Lorenzo

Vazquez

et al. 2018

Rev. Mex. Cienc. Pecu.

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Frecuencia de casos e identificación molecular de Resumen:El objetivo fue determinar la frecuencia de la infección por Cryptosporidium spp., y realizar la identificación de especie o genotipo de los ooquistes en corderos lactantes Pelibuey, Black Belly y Katahdin mantenidos en pastoreo en la región de la Huasteca Alta del estado de Veracruz, México. Las muestras de excremento se recolectaron de 210 corderos de 7 a 21 días de edad, procedentes de 21 granjas; se procesaron mediante frotis fecal teñido con Kinyoun y por PCR anidada para amplificar la región del gen 18S rARN del parásito (830 pb); las muestras positivas fueron secuenciadas. La frecuencia de corderos positivos a Cryptosporidium spp., por microscopía fue 19.5 % (41/210), con una escala entre rebaños de 10 a 50 %; en tanto que por técnicas moleculares fue de 26.8 % (11/41) con un intervalo de 14 a 50 %; las demás muestras fueron negativas a ambas pruebas. Las 11 muestras

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Prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Eimeria infections in post-weaned and adult cattle on three Maryland farms

Cited by 112 publications

References 22 publications

Effect of Bovine Manure onCryptosporidium parvumOocyst Attachment to Soil

Effect of Bovine Manure onCryptosporidium parvumOocyst Attachment to Soil

Improved Quantitative Estimates of Low Environmental Loading and Sporadic Periparturient Shedding ofCryptosporidium parvumin Adult Beef Cattle

Cases frequency and molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in lactating lambs kept grazing in the State of Veracruz, Mexico

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