Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in Dammam and Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia

Khan, Zafran; Namnyak, Simon S.; Jama, Abdinasir Abdullahi; Madan, Inderjeet

doi:10.1080/02724936.1988.11748563

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In Saudi Arabia, few reports have studied the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in various populations [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. All these populations are living in low or normal altitude regions and all the estimated prevalence rates were based on microscopic methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrhea in a High Altitude-Community of Saudi Arabia Detected by Conventional and Molecular Methods

et al. 2014

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Cryptosporidium diarrhea represents a relevant clinical problem in developing countries. In Al-Taif, a city of Saudi Arabia that lies at an altitude of an around 2 km above the sea level, Cryptosporidium infection seems to be undiagnosed in nearly all clinical laboratories. Furthermore, nothing was published regarding Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea in this area. The objectives of this research were to (1) determine the Cryptosporidium prevalence among patients with diarrhea and (2) to estimate the performances of 3 different diagnostic methods. Total 180 diarrheal fecal samples, 1 sample per patient, were collected between January and August 2013. Samples were screened for Cryptosporidium with modified Zeihl Neelsen (ZN) microscopy, RIDA® Quick lateral flow (LF) immunotest, and a previously published PCR. The Cryptosporidium prevalence rate was 9.4% (17/180), 10% (18/180), and 11.6% (21/180) by microscopy, LF, and PCR test, respectively. Infection was significantly (P=0.004) predominant among children <5 years (22%) followed by children 5-9 years (11.1%). Although infection was higher in males than in females (16.2% males and 8.5% females), the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.11). Compared to PCR, the sensitivity of microscopy and the LF test were 80.9%, 85.7%, respectively. To conclude, high Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea was found in this area especially in children ≤9 years. The PCR test showed the best performance followed by the LF test and ZN staining microscopy. The primary health care providers in Al-Taif need to be aware of and do testing for this protozoon, particularly for children seen with diarrhea.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrhea in a High Altitude-Community of Saudi Arabia Detected by Conventional and Molecular Methods

et al. 2014

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“…In Saudi Arabia, few studies have used these immunoassay-based tests for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in human faecal specimens [17, 18]. In contrary, the traditional microscopic-based techniques, have been widely adopted, in many studies [19–22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of an Immunoassay-Based Algorithm for Screening and Identification ofGiardiaandCryptosporidiumAntigens in Human Faecal Specimens from Saudi Arabia

Hawash

2014

Journal of Parasitology Research

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An immunoassay-based algorithm, involving three commercial kits, was introduced and evaluated for screening and identification of Giardia/Cryptosporidium antigens in human stool specimens. Initially, Giardia/Cryptosporidium Chek kit (TechLab), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was adopted for screening. The ELISA-positive reactions were subsequently characterised by RIDA Quick Giardia and RIDA Quick Cryptosporidium immunochromatographic kits (R-Biopharm). A gold standard test comprising PCR and microscopy was used for preparing control samples. Performance of individual kits was tested against these samples which included 50 Giardia-positive, 40 Cryptosporidium-positive, and 70 Cryptosporidium/Giardia-negative. For Cryptosporidium, specificities of the ELISA and RIDA Quick Cryptosporidium kits were 95.71% and 100%, respectively. Both kits demonstrated sensitivity of 95%. For Giardia, the ELISA and RIDA Quick Giardia kits showed sensitivities of 100% and 97.5%, respectively. Specificities obtained by the ELISA and RIDA Quick Giardia were 95.7% and 100%, respectively. Based on the results of two reference PCRs, on 250 random samples, the algorithm exhibited sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 97.06%, 100.00%, 100.00%, and 98.91%, respectively. In conclusion, this immunoassay-based algorithm can be used as routine test in diagnostic laboratories for screening and identification of a large number of samples.

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“…30 A one year hospital based study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, cryptosporidiosis was detected in two out 174 children (0e 120 months of age) with diarrhea using a safraninmethylene blue stain. 31 The Cryptosporidium oocyst was detected in 20 (32%) of the symptomatic preschool children under 5 years but only nine (4.7%) of the asymptomatic ones in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Kinyoun's acid-fast and immunofluorescent methods detected an unprecedented occurrence of Cryptosporidium in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia

Elsafi

Al-Sheban

Al-Jubran³

et al. 2014

Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences

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Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the modified Kinyoun's acid-fast test used widely in Saudi Arabia compared to the direct immunofluorscent assay (DFA) for monitoring the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. Methods:We compared the conventional, modified Kinyoun's acid-fast with the Merifluor direct immunofluorscent assay for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in 100 stool samples, among patients who reported to King Fahad Military Medical Complex during AprileMay, 2012. Results:The modified Kinyoun's method and the DFA revealed 49 and 66 Cryptosporidium oocyst positives, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of acid-fast when compared to DFA, were 66.67% (95% CI: 53.99% e77.79%) and 88.24% (95% CI: 72.53%e96.63%), respectively, (Kappa ¼ 0.487 and the 95% confidence interval was 0.328e0.645). The positive and negative predictive values of the same method were 91.67% (95% CI: 80.00%e97.63% and 57.69% (95% CI: 43.21% e71.27%), respectively. Conclusion:The DFA was found to be simple to perform and has been demonstrated to have a higher sensitivity than traditional staining procedures. The current positivity rate of 66% of Cryptosporidium in this study is higher than indicated before by several studies. This disease remains underdiagnosed in current routine laboratory procedures. It is recommended that tests for Cryptosporidium be done as part of a general diarrhea screen during standard stool tests in diagnostic laboratories.

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Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in Dammam and Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrhea in a High Altitude-Community of Saudi Arabia Detected by Conventional and Molecular Methods

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrhea in a High Altitude-Community of Saudi Arabia Detected by Conventional and Molecular Methods

Evaluation of an Immunoassay-Based Algorithm for Screening and Identification ofGiardiaandCryptosporidiumAntigens in Human Faecal Specimens from Saudi Arabia

Comparison of Kinyoun's acid-fast and immunofluorescent methods detected an unprecedented occurrence of Cryptosporidium in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia

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