Prevalence of congenital colour vision deficiency among Black school children in Durban, South Africa

Mashige, Khathutshelo Percy; Staden, Diane B. van

doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4374-1

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Only one of 55 participants misidentified a Richmond HRR pseudosichromatic plate (29 men; 26 women), and this was probably a case of participant error, rather than colorblindness, as that person passed the test on a subsequent round. These rates are lower than those among boys in other parts of sub‐Saharan Africa (∼4%, e.g., Mashige & Van Staden, 2019 ; Zein, 1990 ) which are, in turn, lower than those in Europe and Asia (5%–8%, e.g., Chia et al, 2008 ; Modarres et al, 1996 ). Barnicot and Woodburn briefly speculated that the relatively low rates of Hadza color‐blindness may be a “product of natural selection against color‐blindness” (p. 2) though stressed that more data were needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Myopia rates among Hadza hunter‐gatherers are low but not exceptional

Stibbard‐Hawkes

Apicella

2022

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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Objectives Myopia rates are increasing globally. This epidemic is linked to increased school participation, decreased outdoor activity and the proliferation of near‐work occupations. The Tanzanian Hadza have traditionally subsisted as hunter‐gatherers. School participation has historically been low and near‐work otherwise minimal. Previous studies have reported exceptionally low myopia rates among hunter‐gatherers, though such studies are few. The present study aims to expand this dataset. We report Hadza myopia rates and compare them to those from other economic/subsistence niches. We look for temporal changes in eyesight, in line with changing Hadza subsistence. Further, we assess the impact two known myopia risk factors, gender and educational participation, on Hadza eyesight. Materials and Methods We measured visual acuity among 182 bush‐living Hadza aged 10–75 using a non‐Latin optotype. From these measures, we estimate age‐specific myopia prevalences. Results We find age‐specific myopia prevalences between 5% and 10% for individuals under 40, increasing thereafter. This is low compared to industrialized populations, although not atypical for rural and non‐industrialized populations. Unlike previous studies of hunter‐gatherers, myopia was not exceptionally rare. We find that Hadza men have better distance vision than Hadza women. Though the Hadza have experienced subsistence change, we find no statistical evidence of associated decreases in visual acuity between 2006 and 2013/14 after controlling for gender imbalances. Finally, we find no support for our prediction that schooling participation reduces visual acuity, though so few attended school (13 of 58) that this analysis lacked statistical power and probably represents a false negative.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Myopia rates among Hadza hunter‐gatherers are low but not exceptional

Stibbard‐Hawkes

Apicella

2022

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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“…The prevalence of protanopia and deuteranopia was observed to be 10 (0.7%) and 19 (1.9%), respectively. Males had nine (1.5%) protanopia and 16 (2.7%) deuteranopia, which was substantially greater than females, who had one (0.1%) protanopia and three (0.4%) deuteranopia (p <0.05) [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Prevalence of Color Blindness among Secondary School Students in Taif, Saudi Arabia

Althomali¹,

Algarni²,

Alosaimi³

et al. 2022

Arch. Pharm. Pract

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To investigate the occurrence, causes, and risk factors of color vision deficiency among Taif, Saudi Arabia secondary school students. A cross-sectional study was carried out on secondary schools, during the period from 1 to 31 June 2022. Secondary school students, of Taif city, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using a personal interview with the students using a predesigned questionnaire covering the needed items. Students diagnosed with color blindness were 2.0%; of them, persons diagnosed with protan color blindness were 58.3%, while 41.6% had deutan color blindness, and students diagnosed with CVD were 0.4%. On the other hand, 4.2% could not see shades or tones of the same color and the same percent had difficulty distinguishing between colors. Regarding the cause of CVD, our study revealed that 4.2% of the studied population were due to primary causes (hereditary), and the same percent were due to secondary diseases. As regards family history, 1.0% had a mother and/or father affected by the disease, 0.8% had a sibling with the disease, and 96.3% had no family history. It was also found that there is a significant relationship between CVD and family history (p-value =0.008). There was a higher incidence in males than females, there is a significant relationship between gender and CVD (p-value=0.001). Students diagnosed with color blindness were 2.0%; of them, persons diagnosed with protan color blindness were 58.3%, while 41.6% had deutan color blindness, and students diagnosed with CVD were 0.4%. There was a higher incidence in males than females.

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“…Whereas acquired color blindness can be temporary or permanent and develops to become more severe if the disease or poisoning continues. 4 One of the causes of acquired color blindness is due to toxic optical neuropathy. Toxic optic neuropathy is a condition characterized by bilateral symmetrical vision reduction without pain, the presence of a scotoma or visual field defect, and color vision deficit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The correlation between cotinine levels in active smokers with color blindness

et al. 2022

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Introduction: Color blindness can be congenital or acquired due to certain diseases. One of the causes of acquired color blindness is due to toxic optical neuropathy. Tobacco consumption, assumed to be one of the risk factors, has been proposed to be associated with toxic optical neuropathy. Active smokers are subjects who are susceptible to the toxic effects of tobacco. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between blood cotinine levels in active smokers with color blindness. Methods: This study was an observational analysis of 33 smokers and 35 non-smokers samples. Cotinine levels were examined from blood samples, which were then examined by Calbiotech reagent. Farnsworth Munsell 15 Hue was used to examine color vision. Statistical analysis was done using Shapiro-Wilk for normality distribution data, Mann Whitney and Independent T-test comparing data between two groups, and Spearman correlation test. Result: There was a significant difference between the mean color blind error score in the smoker group (4.83 ± 6.27) and the non-smoker group (0.24 ± 0.65). Similarly, a significant difference was found between the blood cotinine level of the smoker group (64.59 µg/ml) and the non-smoker group (0.44 µg/ml). There was a significant correlation between the color blind error score and blood cotinine levels in the total sample. Conclusion: There was a correlation in the total sample between blood cotinine levels and a color-blind error score. The higher the blood cotinine level, the higher the color blind error score.

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Prevalence of congenital colour vision deficiency among Black school children in Durban, South Africa

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Myopia rates among Hadza hunter‐gatherers are low but not exceptional

Myopia rates among Hadza hunter‐gatherers are low but not exceptional

Prevalence of Color Blindness among Secondary School Students in Taif, Saudi Arabia

The correlation between cotinine levels in active smokers with color blindness

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