Prevalence of Cigarettes and Waterpipe Smoking among Jordanians, Refugees, and Migrants in Jordan and Its Associated Factors: A Secondary Data Analysis

Abstract

Smoking is a major public health threat resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of current smoking among different adult populations in Jordan, including Jordanians, refugees, and migrants and determine the factors associated with smoking. A cross-sectional survey was conducted during the period of June–September 2021 among Jordanians, Syrian refugees (both urban and camp refugees), and migrants living in four governorates in Jordan, including Amman, Zarqa, Mafraq, and Irbid. The selection of the four governorates was based on criteria related to the presence of Syrian refugees in host communities. The highest prevalence of cigarette smoking was among urban Jordanians (51.1%), followed by non-camp refugees (46.7%), while the highest prevalence for waterpipe (43.2%) and dual smoking (28.7%) was among non-camp refugees. Being male, aged 25–45 years old, unemployed, and having less than a high school education, as well as being urban Jordanians, were all associated with higher odds of cigarette smoking. Being male, unemployed, and urban Jordanians or non-camp refugees were variables associated with higher odds of waterpipe smoking. The study findings indicate that the identification of smoking prevalence in Jordan and its associated factors, including gender, educational level, employment status, regional area, migration, and exposure to traumas, should be considered by healthcare providers to formulate smoking cessation programs tailored to their needs and ultimately reduce smoking prevalence.

Statin Eligibility according to 2013 ACC/AHA and USPSTF Guidelines among Jordanian Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Impact of Gender

“…Smoking, for example, increases the risk of developing ASCVD [ 39 ]. Our findings may be corroborated by the staggeringly high rate of Jordanian male smokers (54.9%) compared to females (8.3%) [ 40 ].…”

Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Myelodysplastic Syndromes/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: A Real-World Experience From a Developing Country

“… 26 , 32 , 33 One possible justification for the increased transformation to AML among males is higher smoking rates. 34 - 36 Third, we found that SF levels influence OS of non-AML MDS patients. Patients with MDS with baseline SF levels >1,000 μg/L had poorer prognosis when compared with those with levels <1,000 μg/L.…”

Beyond clinical trials: real-world impact of immunotherapy on NSCLC in Jordan

“…Pharmacogenomics variations, lifestyle and environmental factors, prevalent comorbidities, and healthcare access disparities can modulate treatment responses ( 43 , 44 ). In Jordan, the high prevalence of smoking, particularly among males ( 2 ), and the younger age at lung cancer diagnosis may result in distinct disease profiles, influencing treatment outcomes. Our study showed that 87% of the patients were males, 88% were smokers or ex-smokers, and the median age of lung cancer diagnosis was 59.…”

“…In males, it is the second most prevalent type of cancer and the primary cause of cancer-related mortality, accounting for 22.4% of all cancer deaths among men ( 1 ). The smoking prevalence in Jordan reaches up to 51% ( 2 ) and the average age for lung cancer diagnosis was reported as 63.8 years ( 3 ).…”

“…Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Fisher's exact test; Pearson's Chi-squared test 2. The denominator in this variable's percentage is the number of patients who received systemic treatment subsequent to progression on IO.…”