“…In a Nigerian community study including around 1,500 participants, Olanrewaju et al 54 found that obesity defined using the waist-to-hip ratio, not waist circumference or BMI, was associated with CKD (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-2.05) ( Table 1 ). 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 In a cross-sectional study among teachers in South Africa, waist circumference was significantly associated with CKD, and in Senegal, a higher BMI was associated with CKD. 55 , 56 When participants with CKD were compared with those without CKD in a cross-sectional study from the Cape Town Vascular and Metabolic Health study, a significantly higher BMI (30.4 vs 28.2 kg/m 2 ), waist circumference (99 vs 90.8 cm), and visceral adipose tissue (228.4 vs 174.9 cm 2 ) were reported, but there was no significant difference in subcutaneous adipose tissue.…”