Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and risk factors in North-Central Nigeria: a population-based survey

Abstract

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing challenge in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. There is insufficient population-based data on CKD in Nigeria that is required to estimate its true burden, and to design prevention and management strategies. The study aims to determine the prevalence of CKD and its risk factors in Nigeria. Methods We studied 8 urban communities in Kwara State, North-Central zone of Nigeria. Blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, urinalysis, weight, height, waist circumference and hip circumference were obtained. Albuminuria and kidney length were measured by ultrasound while estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was derived from serum creatinine, using chronic disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Associations of risk factors with CKD were determined by multivariate logistic regression and expressed as adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results One thousand three hundred and fifty-three adults ≥18 years (44% males) with mean age of 44.3 ± 14.4 years, were screened. Mean kidney lengths were: right, 93.5 ± 7.0 cm and left, 93.4 ± 7.5 cm. The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was 24%; diabetes 4%; obesity 8.7%; albuminuria of > 30 mg/L 7%; and dipstick proteinuria 13%. The age-adjusted prevalence of CKD by estimated GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 and/or Proteinuria was 12%. Diabetes (aOR 6.41, 95%CI = 3.50–11.73, P = 0.001), obesity (aOR 1.50, 95%CI = 1.10–2.05, P = 0.011), proteinuria (aOR 2.07, 95%CI = 1.05–4.08, P = 0.035); female sex (aOR 1.67, 95%CI = 1.47–1.89, P = 0.001); and age (aOR 1.89, 95%CI = 1.13–3.17, P = 0.015) were the identified predictors of CKD. Conclusions CKD and its risk factors are prevalent among middle-aged urban populations in North-Central Nigeria. It is common among women, fueled by diabetes, ageing, obesity, and albuminuria. These data add to existing regional studies of burden of CKD that may serve as template for a national prevention framework for CKD in Nigeria. One of the limitations of the study is that the participants were voluntary community dwellers and as such not representative for the community. The sample may thus have been subjected to selection bias possibly resulting in overestimation of CKD risk factors.

Obesity and CKD in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Narrative Review

“…Variation in the parameters used to define obesity further compounds the difficulty in drawing robust conclusions. In a Nigerian community study including around 1,500 participants, Olanrewaju et al 54 found that obesity defined using the waist-to-hip ratio, not waist circumference or BMI, was associated with CKD (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-2.05) ( Table 1 ). 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 In a cross-sectional study among teachers in South Africa, waist circumference was significantly associated with CKD, and in Senegal, a higher BMI was associated with CKD.…”

“…In a Nigerian community study including around 1,500 participants, Olanrewaju et al 54 found that obesity defined using the waist-to-hip ratio, not waist circumference or BMI, was associated with CKD (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-2.05) ( Table 1 ). 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 In a cross-sectional study among teachers in South Africa, waist circumference was significantly associated with CKD, and in Senegal, a higher BMI was associated with CKD. 55 , 56 When participants with CKD were compared with those without CKD in a cross-sectional study from the Cape Town Vascular and Metabolic Health study, a significantly higher BMI (30.4 vs 28.2 kg/m 2 ), waist circumference (99 vs 90.8 cm), and visceral adipose tissue (228.4 vs 174.9 cm 2 ) were reported, but there was no significant difference in subcutaneous adipose tissue.…”

Oral hygiene practice, dental profile and dental service utilization of chronic kidney disease patients

“…Other studies done in Nigeria reported high prevalence of hypertension among their study participants [16,[33][34][35].…”

“…12 CKD is a growing challenge in low-and middle-income countries in Sub-Saharan African with 16% recorded as pooled prevalence [14,15]. In Nigeria, the prevalence of CKD is 1.8% to 43.5% depending on the studied population [16].…”

A Machine Learning Method with Filter-Based Feature Selection for Improved Prediction of Chronic Kidney Disease

“…While the global prevalence of CKD is reported to be 13.4% [ 4 ], it is said to have a 13.9% prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa [ 5 , 6 ]. Another study reported a 16% pooled prevalence of CKD in West Africa [ 7 ], the highest in Africa. Numerous research works have specified that CKD is more prevalent in developing countries [ 8 ].…”