Prevalence of chronic kidney disease among adults in a rural community in South India: Results from the kidney disease screening (KIDS) project

Abstract

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) appears to be increasing in India. A few studies have studied the prevalence of CKD in urban populations, but there is a paucity of such studies in the rural populations. This project was undertaken to study the prevalence of CKD among adults in a rural population near Shimoga, Karnataka and to study the risk factor profile. Door-to-door screening of 2091 people aged 18 and above was carried out. Demographic and anthropometric data were obtained, urine was analyzed for protein by dipstick and serum creatinine was measured in all participants. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated (eGFR) using the 4-variable modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation and Cockcroft-Gault equation corrected to the body surface area (CG-BSA). The total number of subjects studied was 2091. Mean age was 39.88 ± 15.87 years. 45.57% were males. The prevalence of proteinuria was 2.8%. CKD was seen in 131 (6.3%) subjects when GFR was estimated by MDRD equation. The prevalence of CKD was 16.54% by the CG-BSA method. There was a statistically significant relationship of CKD with gender, advancing age, abdominal obesity, smoking, presence of diabetes and hypertension. The prevalence of CKD is higher compared to the previous studies from rural India and is comparable to that in the studies from the urban Indian populations. The wide difference between the CKD prevalence between MDRD and CG-BSA equations suggests the need for a better measure of kidney function applicable to Indian population.

Health-Risk Factors and 8-Year Incidence of Kidney Disease in Transitional Thailand: Prospective Findings From a Large National Cohort Study

“…Age was independently associated with a reduced renal function (W. Chen et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2007) and albuminuria (W. Chen et al, 2009). One study showed that an increase in 1 year in age carries 4% chance of getting KD (Anupama & Uma, 2014). In conclusion, age is an independent risk factor for KD.…”

“…Xue et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2012), Korea (Kim et al, 2009;Park, Baek, & Jung, 2016), Thailand (Thawornchaisit et al, 2015), Malaysia (Hooi et al, 2013), Singapore (Ramirez, McClellan, Port, & Hsu, 2002), India (Anupama & Uma, 2014), Turkey (Suleymanlar et al, 2011) and the US (White et al, 2008). Age was independently associated with a reduced renal function (W. Chen et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2007) and albuminuria (W. Chen et al, 2009).…”

A clinico-epidemiological study of cutaneous changes in chronic kidney disease

“…1,7 In a study by Deshmukh et al 91.42% of patients had co-morbidities including hypertension in 37.15% of patients, diabetes in 14.28% of patients and both diabetes and hypertension in 37.15% of patients. 2 In our study 74% of patients had co-morbidities that included hypertension in 44% of patients, diabetes in 7% of patients and both diabetes and hypertension in 8% of patients.…”

“…6 In an epidemiological study in Delhi and its surrounding areas the burden of CKD was found to be 13.3% as compared to a study near Shimoga, Karnataka in which the burden of CKD was found to be 16.54 % by the Cockcroft Gault (CG) equation. 1,7 Data from these CKD epidemiological studies however is unreliable due to the absence of equations validated for the South Asian population. 1 In developing countries CKD primarily affects the young and the middle aged with limited access to renal replacement and hence the burden of the disease is considerable higher.…”

Darbepoetin alfa: review in the management of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease

“…For instance, a study from rural population in Karnataka reported CKD in 6.3% by using glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation by modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) and 16.54% by Cockcroft-Gault equation corrected to the body surface area. 2 The SEEK (Screening and Early Evaluation of Kidney Disease) study from India with a cohort of 5588 subjects reported the prevalence of 17.2% with approximately 6% patients presenting in stage 3 or above (stage 3-4.3%; stage 4-0.8% and stage 5-0.8%) with large variations among different centers. Hypertension, anemia, diabetes, obesity, history of ischemic heart disease and history of hypercholesterolemia was significantly more common in patients with CKD compared to those with non CKD.…”