PREVALENCE OF Calodium hepaticum (SYN. Capillaria hepatica) IN Rattus norvegicus IN THE URBAN AREA OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

Simões, Raquel de Oliveira; Luque, José L.; Faro, Marta Julia; Motta, Ester; Maldonado, Arnaldo

doi:10.1590/s0036-46652014000500016

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…This is the first published report of C. hepaticum prevalence in R. norvegicus from Salvador since 1976 when carriage in captured rats was 57% [6]. The carriage level of 83% determined by this study is higher than the most recent documentations of C. hepaticum in R. norvegicus from cities in Brazil: Rio de Janerio (47%) [8] and Porto Velho (2%) [7]. This is potentially due to the high host density and year round conditions suitable for egg embryonation.…”

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confidence: 56%

“…Studies of C. hepaticum in Norway rats from urban areas in the tropics have served to determine the prevalence within rat populations, or focused on histopathological effects of the parasite on its host [6–8]. Thus, the present study systematically evaluates how environmental and demographic factors affect the carriage and level of infection intensity of C. hepaticum in Norway rat populations from an urban slum environment of Salvador, Brazil.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The presence and absence of C. hepaticum were evaluated through macroscopic examination of the liver during necropsies, with the presence of C. hepaticum being noted based on visible yellowish-white lesions on the liver surface and scored as described previously [3, 4, 8] Percentage of the liver surface covered with lesions was used as a proxy for intensity level of infection and was classified as slight (1–25%), low (26–50%), heavy (51–75%) or gross (75–100%) liver involvement.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Factors affecting carriage and intensity of infection of Calodium hepaticum within Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from an urban slum environment in Salvador, Brazil

et al. 2016

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SUMMARY Urban slum environments in the tropics are conducive to the proliferation and the spread of rodentborne zoonotic pathogens to humans. Calodium hepaticum (Brancroft, 1893) is a zoonotic nematode known to infect a variety of mammalian hosts, including humans. Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) are considered the most important mammalian host of C. hepaticum and are therefore a potentially useful species to inform estimates of the risk to humans living in urban slum environments. There is a lack of studies systematically evaluating the role of demographic and environmental factors that influence both carriage and intensity of infection of C. hepaticum in rodents from urban slum areas within tropical regions. Carriage and the intensity of infection of C. hepaticum were studied in 402 Norway rats over a 2-year period in an urban slum in Salvador, Brazil. Overall, prevalence in Norway rats was 83% (337/402). Independent risk factors for C. hepaticum carriage in R. norvegicus were age and valley of capture. Of those infected the proportion with gross liver involvement (i.e. >75% of the liver affected, a proxy for a high level intensity of infection), was low (8%, 26/337). Sixty soil samples were collected from ten locations to estimate levels of environmental contamination and provide information on the potential risk to humans of contracting C. hepaticum from the environment. Sixty percent (6/10) of the sites were contaminated with C. hepaticum. High carriage levels of C. hepaticum within Norway rats and sub-standard living conditions within slum areas may increase the risk to humans of exposure to the infective eggs of C. hepaticum. This study supports the need for further studies to assess whether humans are becoming infected within this community and whether C. hepaticum is posing a significant risk to human health.

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confidence: 99%

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Factors affecting carriage and intensity of infection of Calodium hepaticum within Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from an urban slum environment in Salvador, Brazil

et al. 2016

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“…Though few rat specimens were herein tested, which represent a limitation of the study, we cannot conclude about changing in the prevalence of this parasitosis. In other large cities, the prevalence in the urban rat population is variable, for example: 88% (176/201) in Baltimore (USA), 83% (337/402) in Salvador de Bahia (Brazil), 45% (33/74) in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 36% (241/671) in Vancouver (Canada), 26% (109/422) in Henan Province (China), 22% (21/97) in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), 20% (51/254) in Medellin (Colombia), 17% (17/100) in Barcelona (Spain) and 6% (18/302) in Belgrade (Serbia) [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzootic Hepatic Capillariasis (Calodium hepaticum) in Street Rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Marseille City, France

et al. 2020

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Hepatic capillariasis is a rare and neglected zoonosis affecting wild and synanthropic small rodents. It is caused by infection with Calodium hepaticum in liver. Despite the worldwide distribution of the host Rattus norvegicus (brown or street rats) in the urban area, the epidemiological status of this parasitosis remains unknown. In the present study, we examined a total of 27 brown rats from the city centre and a garden (four km from the city centre) of Marseille, France. All rats were autopsied and 52% showed the presence of C. hepaticum eggs in the liver. This result draws general attention to public health risks, since street rats are living near the human population.

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“…Nesses casos, os ovos vão passar pelo trato digestório de forma inócua e serão eliminados nas fezes [8]. Já a infecção hepática verdadeira é comum em roedores [23], mas também pode ocorrer em cães, gatos, bovinos, suínos, coelhos, primatas dentre outros animais [5,7]. Por ser de rara ocorrência em cães, a doença hepática é pouco conhecida e estudada [10].…”

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True Infection by Capillaria hepatica in a Dog

Oliveira

Madeira

Soares

et al. 2021

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Capillaria hepatica is a nematode, zoonotic, with worldwide distribution. The main hosts are rodents, nevertheless other mammals can be affected. Although the parasite has high affinity for the liver, it rarely causes a hepatic disease in domestic animals and humans. The diagnosis is difficult and usually a biopsy is required. The treatment is difficult and is based in anti-helminthic and corticoid, but prevention is the best strategy against the disease. The aim of the present report is to describe a case of hepatic capillariosis in a dog approaching the clinical signs, diagnosis and therapeutic. Case: A 12-year-old Brazilian Terrier bitch, with a history of visit to the farm and regular hunting of rats, frogs, birds and other wild animals, was attended with hyporexia and apathy. At the physical exam the dog presented elevation of rectal temperature, intense jaundice and abdominal pain. In the biochemical exams was noticed a slight increase in globulins and a sharp increase in alkaline phosphatase (AP), total, direct and indirect bilirubin, suggesting a liver injury. In the ultrasonographic exam, hepatomegaly with dispersed hyperechoic areas were observed, suggesting hepatic steatosis. The patient was treated with ursodesoxicolic acid and S-adenosil metionin for 30 consecutive days, showing a clinic improvement. Two months after the end of the treatment the animal worsened, showing jaundice, ascites, motor incoordination, weakness, difficulty in food and water ingestion and changes in the mental state. In the complete blood count was observed a macrocytic hypochromic regenerative anemia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia and monocytosis and thrombocytopenia. In biochemical exams was detected decrease in creatinine and albumin and increase in alanine aminotransferase and AP, suggesting hepatopathy by biliary obstruction. There were performed exams for leishmania and ehrlichiosis that tested negative. In the ultrasonographic exam it was noticed that the liver had the same alterations and the presence of free fluid in the abdominal cavity. Due to the deterioration of the clinical picture a blood transfusion was necessary, however the patient worsened and presented respiratory difficulty for a bilateral pleural effusion. Then, the fluid was drained and a treatment with S-adenosil metionin, silymarin, ursodesoxicolic acid, doxycycline and prednisolone was started. After 17 days, a hepatic biopsy was performed, but the patient died at the surgery desk. Samples from the liver were collected for histopathologic exam. The diagnosis was confirmed in hepatic capillariosis and periportal chronic hepatitis, with the visualization of numerous parasites structures with bioperculated barrel shape. Discussion: Due to the nonspecific clinical alterations observed in the patient and the low prevalence of C. hepatica in domestic animals, there was a difficulty in the diagnosis which lead to a symptomatic, nonspecific and inefficient treatment that culminate with the death of the patient. The histopathologic exam of the liver is the best manner to find the correct diagnosis of C. hepatica infection, once the parasites eggs remains in the liver parenchyma wrapped by fibrosis and aren´t eliminate in the feces. The eggs elimination in the environment just occur after the death of the animal. Although there didn't exist a consensus about hepatic capillariosis treatment yet, if the diagnosis were done earlier, a specific treatment with better chances of a good result could be performed. We concluded that hepatic capillariosis should be included in differential diagnosis for patients with hepatic syndrome, mainly if the animal had a hunting habit and if it had access to surroundings with high rats’ infestation.

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PREVALENCE OF Calodium hepaticum (SYN. Capillaria hepatica) IN Rattus norvegicus IN THE URBAN AREA OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

Cited by 9 publications

References 17 publications

Factors affecting carriage and intensity of infection of Calodium hepaticum within Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from an urban slum environment in Salvador, Brazil

Factors affecting carriage and intensity of infection of Calodium hepaticum within Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from an urban slum environment in Salvador, Brazil

Enzootic Hepatic Capillariasis (Calodium hepaticum) in Street Rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Marseille City, France

True Infection by Capillaria hepatica in a Dog

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