Prevalence of Box Turtle Adenovirus in Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene Carolina Carolina) Presented to a Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in Virginia, Usa

Cutaneous Myiasis and Its Relationship to Wellness in Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene Carolina Carolina) in Cape Cod, Massachusetts

“…The species of fly causing myiasis in these turtles was not determined because proper specimen preservation and either molecular characterization or knowledge of specific larval morphologic characteristics is necessary for speciation. 26 Many studies have identified Cistudinomyia cistudinis, a species of fly in the family Sarcophagidae, to cause myiasis in box turtles. 11,16,21,30,35,38,41,47,51,53,55,57,64 These reports describe varying degrees of myiasis from single to multiple lesions and report lesions in similar anatomic locations to the EBT in this study.…”

Health Assessment of Painted Turtles (Chrysemys Picta) in a Restored Wetland Habitat in Northwestern Indiana, Usa

“…Although Sulawesi tortoise adenovirus has not been previously identified in freshwater turtles, other adenoviruses have been detected in multiple other chelonian species in Europe and North America, associated with varying clinical signs (Schumacher et al 2012; Doszpoly et al 2013; Salzmann et al 2021). In the US, Terrapene adenovirus has been found in asymptomatic free-ranging eastern box turtles, which might indicate that the virus is host-adapted to this species (Archer et al 2017; Franzen-Klein et al 2019; Klein et al 2021). One study of eastern box turtles in Virginia found a significantly higher prevalence of adenovirus among injured, rehabilitating turtles than in apparently healthy free-ranging turtles, which may imply that stressed turtles are more likely to shed the virus (Franzen-Klein et al 2019).…”

“…In the US, Terrapene adenovirus has been found in asymptomatic free-ranging eastern box turtles, which might indicate that the virus is host-adapted to this species (Archer et al 2017; Franzen-Klein et al 2019; Klein et al 2021). One study of eastern box turtles in Virginia found a significantly higher prevalence of adenovirus among injured, rehabilitating turtles than in apparently healthy free-ranging turtles, which may imply that stressed turtles are more likely to shed the virus (Franzen-Klein et al 2019). In our study, over 10% of turtles were positive for Sulawesi tortoise adenovirus, and adenovirus-positive turtles had significantly higher absolute beta globulin concentrations.…”

“…Although herpesviruses can cause fatal disease in chelonians, asymptomatic painted turtles have tested positive for emydid herpesvirus 1 (Ossiboff et al 2015a; Sim et al 2021). Adenoviruses may cause a wide range of clinical signs in chelonians, ranging from asymptomatic infections in wild eastern box turtles ( Terrapene carolina carolina ) to death from systemic inflammation and necrosis in Sulawesi tortoises ( Indotestudo forstenii ), impressed tortoises ( Manouria impressa ), and a Burmese star tortoise ( Geochelone platynota ; Rivera et al 2009; Schumacher et al 2012; Franzen-Klein et al 2019, respectively). Ranaviruses, particularly frog virus 3 (FV3), have been associated with mortality events in North American chelonians (Johnson et al 2008; Adamovicz et al 2018).…”

Plasma complement activation mechanisms differ in ornate (Terrapene ornata ornata) and eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)

“…While the importance of these mechanistic differences for overall immunocompetence is unknown, anecdotal evidence suggests that they may play a role in disease susceptibility. A number of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections have been documented in eastern box turtles including ranavirus (Adamovicz et al, 2018; Johnson et al, 2008), adenovirus (Doszpoly et al, 2013; Franzen‐Klein et al, 2020), herpesviruses ( Terrapene herpesvirus 1, Terrapene herpesvirus 2; Sim et al, 2015; Yonkers et al, 2015), Mycoplasma sp. (Feldman et al, 2006), phaeohyphomycosis (Perpiñán et al, 2016), and intranuclear coccidiosis of Testudines (Alvarez et al, 2013).…”