Prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in South Africa, 2017–19: a multistage, cluster-based, cross-sectional survey

Moyo, Sizulu; Ismail, Farzana; Walt, Martie van der; Ismail, Nazir; Mkhondo, Nkateko; Dlamini, Siphiwe N.; Mthiyane, Thuli; Chikovore, Jeremiah; Oladimeji, Olanjweru; Mametja, David; Maribe, Phaleng; Seocharan, Ishen; Ximiya, Phumlani; Law, Irwin; Tadolini, Marina; Zuma, Khangelani; Manda, Samuel; Sismanidis, Charalambos; Pillay, Yogan; Mvusi, Lindiwe

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00149-9

Cited by 53 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Discordance between Xpert and culture results has been reported in other studies [25,26]. In our study, retreatment cases were more likely to have a negative culture.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…The demographic and clinical information of the participating detainees is presented in Table 1. The median age of the enrolled participants was 30 (IQR: [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Seventy-five percent (76/102) of the participating detainees were HIV negative.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the South African national TB prevalence survey, young males had the highest number of undiagnosed or unreported TB cases; and 79% of individuals surveyed between the age of 25–34 did not seek care [ 25 ]. There is an overrepresatation of young males entering correctional centres.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tuberculosis control at a South African correctional centre: Diagnosis, treatment and strain characterisation

Baird

Said²,

Koornhof

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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Background Correctional centres provide ideal conditions for tuberculosis (TB) transmission and disease progression. Despite the high TB incidence and incarceration rate in South Africa, data from South African correctional centres are scarce. Thus, the study evaluated TB diagnosis, treatment initiation and completion, and identified prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains among detainees entering a South African correctional centre. Methods This study was a prospective observational study that enrolled participants between February and September 2017 from a correctional centre located in the Western Cape, South Africa. All adult male detainees who tested positive for TB during admission screening were eligible to participate in the study. Sputum samples from enrolled participants underwent smear microscopy and culture. Strain typing was performed on culture-positive samples. The time between specimen collection and diagnosis, the time between diagnosis and treatment initiation, and the proportion of detainees completing TB treatment at the correctional centre were calculated. Results During the study period, 130 TB cases were detected through routine admission screening (126 male, 2 female, 2 juvenile). Out of the 126 eligible male detainees, 102 were enrolled in the study (81%, 102/126). All TB cases were detected within 30 hrs of admission screening. The majority (78%, 80/102) of participants started treatment within 48 hrs of TB diagnosis. However, only 8% (9/102) of participants completed treatment at the correction centre. Sputa from 90 of the 102 participants were available for smear and culture. There was a high smear positivity, with 49% (44/90) of isolates being smear positive. The Beijing family was the most frequent lineage (55.2%) in the study. Conclusion The strengths of the current TB control efforts at the correctional centre include rapid detection of cases through admission screening and prompt treatment initiation. However, a high number of detainees exiting before treatment completion highlights the need to strengthen links between correctional TB services and community TB services to ensure detainees complete TB treatment after release and prevent TB transmission.

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“…Discordance between Xpert and culture results has been reported in other studies [25,26]. In our study, retreatment cases were more likely to have a negative culture.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tuberculosis control at a South African correctional centre: Diagnosis, treatment and strain characterisation

Baird

Said²,

Koornhof

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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“…South Africa has one of the highest incidence of both TB disease and HIV-associated TB in the World [23]. The prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB in South Africa was 852 (95% CI 679-1026) per 100 000 population in the 2017-19 national prevalence survey [24]. As part of the Umoya omuhle project, a TB prevalence study was performed at two clinics in 2018-19.…”

Section: Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct estimates of absolute ventilation and estimated Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission risk in clinics in South Africa

Beckwith

Karat²,

Govender³

et al. 2022

PLOS Glob Public Health

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Healthcare facilities are important sites for the transmission of pathogens spread via bioaerosols, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Natural ventilation can play an important role in reducing this transmission. We aimed to measure rates of natural ventilation in clinics in KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape provinces, South Africa, then use these measurements to estimate Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission risk. We measured ventilation in clinic spaces using a tracer-gas release method. In spaces where this was not possible, we estimated ventilation using data on indoor and outdoor carbon dioxide levels. Ventilation was measured i) under usual conditions and ii) with all windows and doors fully open. Under various assumptions about infectiousness and duration of exposure, measured absolute ventilation rates were related to risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission using the Wells-Riley Equation. In 2019, we obtained ventilation measurements in 33 clinical spaces in 10 clinics: 13 consultation rooms, 16 waiting areas and 4 other clinical spaces. Under usual conditions, the absolute ventilation rate was much higher in waiting rooms (median 1769 m3/hr, range 338–4815 m3/hr) than in consultation rooms (median 197 m3/hr, range 0–1451 m3/hr). When compared with usual conditions, fully opening existing doors and windows resulted in a median two-fold increase in ventilation. Using standard assumptions about infectiousness, we estimated that a health worker would have a 24.8% annual risk of becoming infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and that a patient would have an 0.1% risk of becoming infected per visit. Opening existing doors and windows and rearranging patient pathways to preferentially use better ventilated clinic spaces result in important reductions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission risk. However, unless combined with other tuberculosis infection prevention and control interventions, these changes are insufficient to reduce risk to health workers, and other highly exposed individuals, to acceptable levels.

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“…However, men are more affected than women and children. Tuberculosis co-infected with HIV is more reported in the African region ( World Health Organization, 2021b ; Moyo et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic approaches to potent heterocyclic inhibitors of tuberculosis: A decade review

Dasmahapatra

Chanda

2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a significant global health concern with about 1.5 million deaths annually. Despite efforts to develop more efficient vaccines, reliable diagnostics, and chemotherapeutics, tuberculosis has become a concern to world health due to HIV, the rapid growth of bacteria that are resistant to treatment, and the recently introduced COVID-19 pandemic. As is well known, advances in synthetic organic chemistry have historically enabled the production of important life-saving medications that have had a tremendous impact on patients’ lives and health all over the world. Small-molecule research as a novel chemical entity for a specific disease target offers in-depth knowledge and potential therapeutic targets. In this viewpoint, we concentrated on the synthesis of a number of heterocycles reported in the previous decade and the screening of their inhibitory action against diverse strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These findings offer specific details on the structure-based activity of several heterocyclic scaffolds backed by their in vitro tests as a promising class of antitubercular medicines, which will be further useful to build effective treatments to prevent this terrible illness.

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Prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in South Africa, 2017–19: a multistage, cluster-based, cross-sectional survey

Cited by 53 publications

References 11 publications

Tuberculosis control at a South African correctional centre: Diagnosis, treatment and strain characterisation

Tuberculosis control at a South African correctional centre: Diagnosis, treatment and strain characterisation

Direct estimates of absolute ventilation and estimated Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission risk in clinics in South Africa

Synthetic approaches to potent heterocyclic inhibitors of tuberculosis: A decade review

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