Prevalence of Avian Influenza A(H5) and A(H9) Viruses in Live Bird Markets, Bangladesh

Kim, Younjung; Biswas, Paritosh Kumar; Giasuddin, M; Hasan, Mahmudul; Mahmud, Rashed; Chang, Yu‐Mei; Essen, Steve; Samad, Mohammed A.; Lewis, Nicola S.; Brown, Ian H.; Moyen, Natalie; Hoque, Md. Ahasanul; Debnath, Nitish C.; Pfeiffer, Dirk U.; Fournié, Guillaume

doi:10.3201/eid2412.180879

Cited by 62 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Indeed, rest days/nights are an important component of long‐term AIV control but are not sufficient alone to eliminate infection (Kung et al, ). Furthermore, risk factor studies in LBMs have shown that having a greater variety of poultry species, including ducks being sold alongside other species, having poor sanitary conditions, storing poultry in floor pens instead of cages and having ≥1 wholesaler trading in LBMs, all increase the odds of having AIV‐infected poultry and/or having AIV‐contaminated environments (Kim et al, ; Kirunda et al, ; Santhia et al, ; Sayeed et al, ; Wang et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poultry trading behaviours in Vietnamese live bird markets as risk factors for avian influenza infection in chickens

Sealy

Fournié

Trang

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Vietnamese poultry are host to co‐circulating subtypes of avian influenza viruses, including H5N1 and H9N2, which pose a great risk to poultry productivity and to human health. AIVs circulate throughout the poultry trade network in Vietnam, with live bird markets being an integral component to this network. Traders at LBMs exhibit a variety of trading practices, which may influence the transmission of AIVs. We identified trading practices that impacted on AIV prevalence in chickens marketed in northern Vietnamese LBMs. We generated sequencing data for 31 H9N2 and two H5N6 viruses. Viruses isolated in the same LBM or from chickens sourced from the same province were genetically closer than viruses isolated in different LBMs or from chickens sourced in different provinces. The position of a vendor in the trading network impacted on their odds of having AIV‐infected chickens. Being a retailer and purchasing chickens from middlemen was associated with increased odds of infection, whereas odds decreased if vendors purchased chickens directly from large farms. Odds of infection were also higher for vendors having a greater volume of ducks unsold per day. These results indicate how the spread of AIVs is influenced by the structure of the live poultry trading network.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poultry trading behaviours in Vietnamese live bird markets as risk factors for avian influenza infection in chickens

Sealy

Fournié

Trang

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Live Poultry Markets (LPMs) in Asian countries act as centres for virus accumulation, amplification and the spread of various infectious diseases such as avian influenza (Fournié, De Glanville, & Pfeiffer, 2012;Fournié, Guitian, Mangtani, & Ghani, 2011). The survey in LPMs in Bangladesh showed high contamination levels for both influenza A type H5 and H9 viruses (Biswas et al, 2018;Hasan et al, 2016;Kim et al, 2018). It has been shown that avian influenza viruses (AIV) are still circulating among poultry populations and have entered into LPMs through the poultry supply chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qualitative risk assessment of transmission pathways of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus at live poultry markets in Dhaka city, Bangladesh

Islam

Akwar²,

Hossain

et al. 2020

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Analysis of environmental samples obtained from the Live Poultry Markets (LPMs) of Dhaka City, Bangladesh, has revealed that the highest degree of prevalence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI, H5N1), besides other subtypes of the LPAI virus, poses the plausible risk of transmission of these viruses between human and poultry species. The present study was conducted using the OIE risk analysis framework to assess the risk level of each pathway successively. The estimated risk parameters were integrated towards to obtain the overall risk level for each specific HPAI transmission pathway using the matrix adapted by Cristobel Zepeda accompanying other expert consultations. The relevant data obtained from published and unpublished sources, together with survey data of field observations, were used to formulate and confirm the risk pathways and their associated risks. The results revealed that the risk of the release of the HPAI virus was medium when exposure was high. Additionally, the consequence would be considered very high with a medium degree of uncertainty for all parameters. Ultimately, the overall risk for transmission was estimated as medium with a medium degree of uncertainty. The findings of this study reveal that there is a significant threat that HPAI virus transmission could occur among poultry and humans and effectively sustain within the environment of the LPMs. Our findings are primarily focused on public health considerations, the hygienic slaughter of poultry and the relevant cleaning and sanitation practices conducted in the LPMs to support evidence‐based decision‐making processes. The findings of the study have the potential to be used to formulate effective risk reduction measures and can be further adapted in low‐resource settings without major infrastructural changes required of the LPMs. All of which would reduce the risk of HPAI virus release and further lessen the degree of exposure and transmission in established LPMs.

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“…In a recent study, the proportion of birds positive for the AIV was estimated in Bangladeshi LBMs, including in CCLBMs which are supplied by our farm study population. The proportion of birds positive for H5 and H9 virus reached 1.3% and 8.3 % in backyard chickens, 7.6% and 3.4% in waterfowl (including ducks and geese), 0.9% and 13.1% in broiler chickens, respectively (Kim et al, 2018). In contrast, H9 prevalence was here estimated to be much lower in farmed poultry, and all sampled birds tested negative for H5.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Investigations of HPAI outbreaks have generated insights in possible risk factors associated with sudden deaths of birds (Biswas et al, 2009b;Loth, Gilbert, Osmani, Kalam, & Xiao, 2010;Osmani et al, 2014), but they don't provide information about the circulation of AIV in farmed poultry populations in endemically infected countries. Furthermore, in such countries, studies aiming to assess the level of viral circulation in poultry are generally conducted in LBMs (ElMasry et al, 2017;Kim et al, 2018;Negovetich et al, 2011;Thuy et al, 2016), and rarely in poultry farms. This can partly be explained by the ease of sampling, as birds raised under different production systems are brought together in a single location.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been hypothesised that, due to their small flock size, the risk of viral introduction into backyard flocks may be substantially lower than in commercial flocks (Akey, 2003;Refregier-Petton et al, 2001), and that local breeds raised on backyard farms may be less susceptible to infection than exotic breeds reared in commercial chicken farming systems (Barua & Yoshimura, 1997;GRAIN 2006). However, there is no experimental and observational evidence supporting these hypotheses (FAO, 2019b A recent study conducted in Bangladeshi LBMs estimated a prevalence of H5 and H9 AIVs of 1.3% and 8.3 % in backyard chickens, 7.6% and 3.4% in waterfowl (ducks and geese), respectively (Kim et al, 2018). In contrast, none of the chickens and ducks that we sampled on backyard flocks tested positive for H5 AIV, and only 0.2% of chickens tested positive for H9 AIV (Chapter 3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors influencing the epidemiology of avian influenza virus circulation on poultry farms in Bangladesh

Gupta¹

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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1 and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) virus H9N2 are endemic in Bangladesh and pose a threat to both poultry and human health. For effective avian influenza (AI) prevention and control, good knowledge of the factors influencing the epidemiology of avian influenza virus (AIV) circulation is crucial, but no in-depth investigations have thus far been conducted on poultry farms in Bangladesh. The overall aim of this research was to improve the understanding of the extent of H5 and H9 virus circulation on backyard, and commercial broiler and commercial layer chicken farms in Bangladesh and to identify risk factors associated with the presence of H5 and H9 virus. Furthermore, the research aimed to investigate the perceptions of chicken farmers to implement HPAI prevention and control measures in Bangladesh. Two cross-sectional studies were conducted in the Chittagong and Cox's Bazaar districts of Bangladesh: 1) between February and April 2016 involving 144 backyard chicken farms in 42 villages, and 2) between February and April 2017 involving 106 commercial broiler and 113 commercial layer chicken farms. Blood samples, oropharyngeal swabs and cloacal swabs were collected from 576 chickens and 204 in-contact ducks on backyard farms, and from 954 broilers and 904 layers on commercial chicken farms. Questionnaires were used to collect data on farm-level and village-level risk factors for H5 and H9 seroprevalence and on farmer's perceptions towards implementation of HPAI prevention and control measures. Although all sampled birds tested negative for H5 by RT-PCR, H5 seropositive chickens were detected in all three farming systems. The highest H5 seroprevalence was observed in ducks raised with chickens on backyard farms, 14.2% (95% CI: 10.0-19.8), compared to in-contact backyard chickens, 4.2% (95% CI: 2.8-6.1). H5 seroprevalence was lower in unvaccinated broiler chickens, 1.5% (95% CI: 0.9-2.5), than in unvaccinated layer chickens, 7.8% (95% CI: 6.1-9.8). H9 viral infection was detected by RT-PCR in 0.5% (95% CI: 0.2-1.3) and 0.6% (95% CI: 0.3-1.5) of chickens raised in broiler and layer farms, respectively and in 0.2% (95% CI: 0.0-1.2) of chickens on backyard farms suggesting a similar level of exposure to H9 virus is all farming systems. Backyard chickens and ducks showed similar H9 seroprevalence, 16.0% (95% CI: 13.2-19.2) and 15.7% (95% CI: 11.3-21.4) respectively, while it was 5.8% (95% CI: 4.3-7.6) in layers and 1.5% (95% CI: 0.9-2.5) in broilers. Over the course of a production cycle, H5 and H9 seroprevalence increased with the age of backyard and layer chickens. Clustering of H5 seropositivity in ducks was identified, highlighting iii that multiple ducks within a flock were H5 seropositive. This was in contrast to backyard and broiler and layer chickens, where only individual birds within flocks developed H5 antibodies.

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Prevalence of Avian Influenza A(H5) and A(H9) Viruses in Live Bird Markets, Bangladesh

Cited by 62 publications

References 40 publications

Poultry trading behaviours in Vietnamese live bird markets as risk factors for avian influenza infection in chickens

Poultry trading behaviours in Vietnamese live bird markets as risk factors for avian influenza infection in chickens

Qualitative risk assessment of transmission pathways of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus at live poultry markets in Dhaka city, Bangladesh

Factors influencing the epidemiology of avian influenza virus circulation on poultry farms in Bangladesh

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